Non Aero
The plane Demoiselle
The Demoiselle monoplane small, fragile, seemingly unable to support a single pilot, reflects not only the man, also shorter than designed, but the long line of boats that are lighter than air that had preceded it. This designer, five feet four inches, 110 pounds, Alberto Santos-Dumont, who came from Brazil, had spent most of his life in France, where the first successful ascent of the world hot air balloon by the Montgolfier brothers in 1783 and an event that may have unwittingly caused his own experiments related.
Unlike airplanes or helicopters, employing science of aerodynamic lift, lift the balloon reached through the principle of buoyancy.
The air is compressible it is, its own weight compresses it. The lower your location in the atmosphere, more air and therefore the weight is above it, making it more dense at or near the ground. By contrast, as it rises, it becomes more liquid.
Hot air balloons use these various conditions to achieve lift. The hot air or lighter the air-gas, inside a balloon envelope, makes the balloon rise, because indoor air is less dense than the surrounding air. When you reach the altitude where the density of the indoor air is equal to the surrounding air stops rising and reaches a state of internal balance and external-that is, inside the gas density is equal to the external gas density.
At this point, the downward pressure exerted on the balloon is equal to the upward pressure on the globe.
The balloons are designated "airships" because its elevation is reached in a static air mass, ie a mass of air that moves. A balloon is moved vertically, but depends on wind direction existing and the speed of horizontal movement. As a result, can not be invoked by the management of specific transport.
Balloons with the controlled movement employ one or more propeller speed and direction, and designated "aircraft", but these blades do not provide or increase lift.
Santos-Dumont had, even at an early age, decided to have a profound impact on people with his life, but had not yet determined the media. However, a fascination with the flight, in general, and balloons, in particular, only continued to increase, which caused him to concentrate on the deficiencies of his government and led him to believe your address without direction, the wind-determined could be substituted for control of the pilot.
It was only after his own first aerial ascent balloon 40 meters in diameter in the fall of 1897 that concluded that the aircraft has been calling his life.
Trying to control the uncontrollable factor, designed an aircraft designated "Santos-Dumont No. 1." With an elongated envelope, a cigar-shaped balloon, whose 6454 cubic feet of gas with a capacity Lifting 450 pounds, was powered by an internal combustion engine led to a propeller diameter of 6.6 meters, to provide the feed rate, while steering the direction of increased and two heavy bags suspended from balloon ballast, fore and aft position, replaced by later, more heavy lift ship the air, control of field production. The pilot is in a basket and safety lines enabled the ground crew to maneuver the airship to and from their position mooring.
First flight on September 18, 1898 in Paris, gently collided with trees across the field that had been discarded because the right distance in which to rise above them, but, after a two-day repair was successful, demonstrating Santos-Dumont expected, provided by the steering.
Tracing circles and eights in the sky, the No. 1 incorporates all the elements needed to succeed on the gravity globe for lifting the engine and propeller for forward movement of the rudder for steering, and the bags of ballast tar.
The success, Santos-Dumont No. 2 on wearing a wider, whose ten percent increase in the volume of gas led to one of 44 pounds lifting capacities.
With the end of the house of his successor, No. 3, which reached a record longevity of 23 hours uninterrupted air, Santos-Dumont built hangar with doors 36 feet high at Saint Cloud outside Paris.
On October 19, 1901, won the 100,000 French francs offered by Henry Deutsch de la Meurthe, a founding member of Aero Club Paris, circling the Eiffel Tower and back to square off 30 minutes later in design No. 6, a 108-foot-long airship with a stern-mounted of the helix.
Despite these successes, however, soon drove heavier than air. The fulfillment of a promise of Samuel Pierpont Langley, Smithsonian curator who had unsuccessfully launched its own "Aerodrome" design of a catapult in the Potomac River, to begin testing with this realm of lifting, and trying to regain its reputation after suspected sabotage had led to cuts on his No. 7 ball and prevented him enter the St. Louis Aero Club of competition for a prize of $ 100,000, he designed a glider without power, pontoon equipped monoplane in Paris. Designated the No. 11, had quickly pulled boat, causing it to skim the top of the water, while the No. 12 post, a double helix, helicopters, failed into the air because vertical flight technology was sufficiently developed at the turn of the century.
The No. 14-bis, however - despite offer a small contribution to the advancement aerodynamic - achieved notoriety both continental and technological success due to the sheer lack of competition. joint designed by Santos-Dumont, Voisin, an engineer with 25 years of age who had set his sights craft heavier than air and had shared knowledge about them with Santos-Dumont in the winter of 1905-1906, was a plane 40 feet long and 33 feet cellular kite wings attached table for piano and strings pine struts with extreme dihedral, longer fuselage, covered, a single control, mobile phones kit box provides longitudinal and height combined with vision duck, and a 24-hp Antoinette engine, low wing attached map, driving a crude, shoulder blades, pusher-propeller. It was later retrofitted with a 50 hp engine strength and octagonal wings. Control can only be provided by a pilot. Because he had been suspended first test flights of aircraft No. 14, had adopted "14-bis" designation, but its configuration duck had won the title of "Bird of Prey" by the press.
Won Award Archdeacon October 23, 1906 for a flight of 25 meters and the French franc 1500 Aero Club Award for coverage of 100 meters on November 12, the latter considered Europe recognizes for the first time, sustained triumph heavier than air and, for a time, believed to have been in the world, due to the very secret of the Wright Brothers illegal experiments.
After four intermediates, but without success, evolution heavier than air, Santos-Dumont had applied what always been his signature, the design philosophy associated with the blimp at his side the development of fixed wing, ie use the smallest possible cell which could accommodate him to produce a sport plane, similar to a custom car antenna.
The resulting design, the No. 19 was a monoplane small tractor whose "body" has been formed as bamboo and cloth cover wings, covering 16.5 meters, retained the introduced pronounced dihedral by No. 14-bis. One of two cylinders, Dutheil-Chalmers engine 20-hp, mounted on the pilot, at the midpoint of the wing-pairing, provided the power, while the rudder and combined elevator has been expanded with two wings, rudder surfaces under the wings and a front canard elevator, which stretched far in front of the structure. The spoiler and mechanism-aircraft without wing-strain, intrinsically incapable of being controlled around its lateral axis, made three short trips to the end of 1907, the longest of which was was 200 feet, before being damaged or removed from any further tests. However, it laid the groundwork for the final plane, the N º 20, which was also be the last of Santos-Dumont.
Maintaining the simplicity of minimalist design and size No. 19, but eliminating its shortcomings, the plane was equipped with three-boom, bamboo frame, the first extends from the wing to the tail, the second extends below the wing in the hub, and its third extension thence to the tail, all subjects with steel joints.
The rectangular shape, with a significant-cams, high wing, with a lapse of 18-feet, a width of 6.35 meters, a 2.7:1 aspect ratio and a 113-square-foot area is covered with a double layer of silk taut over bamboo ribs and mounted, characteristic of the fuselage above, in a pronounced dihedral angle. There was a section along the leading edge, representing one third of the length, has facilitated the installation of the helix and the rotation, but agreed to reduce and the area along this stretch.
A vertical and a horizontal surface in the form fan, swung in a universal joint at the meeting point of the triangular apex, was used as the stabilizer and provided guidance and control longitudinal axis, the rudder itself with an area of 21 square meters.
A 30-hp, two cylinder, horizontally opposed, engine water-cooled Darracq, mounted, such as the No. 19, above the pilot, has a diameter of 6.9 meters, height of six feet, two-blade propeller at 1,400 rpm wood Chauviere per minute. Its two cylinder valves were operated by pushrods and rocker arms activated by two eccentrics. Your magnet is mounted on an angle in the upper housing, while its carburetor and oil tank were suspended below it, a pump tank, the distribution of the liquid lubricant.
The plane had been alternatively powered by Clement-Bayard and Panhard engines.
taxiing was carried out by two rigidly attached tires and a single small flange at the rear.
The pilot, rocked by a strip of cloth hanging across the frame below the power plant was like the Curtiss Model D, a virtual extension of the cell and the seat is limited to smaller operators, 120 pounds. control longitudinal was maintained by a right hand, lift drive stick on top of which was a blip switch cuts the engine to induce descent. vertical control was increased by on the left, deflecting the wheel, while the control side was hit by a lever located behind the driver and inserted into a narrow sewn pocket vertical in the back of a special flight jacket, the effective delivery of the body attachment point of a "third hand". Your thread, jogging, as many pioneering designs of aircraft, the wing-strain mechanism through the torso of trend, as amended by the angle of incidence for effective banking air. A toe-clip in the driver's left foot cable released a spring to change the propeller revolutions per minute.
Established in France in March 1909 location and years that race similar, but larger Blériot XI monoplane, the plane elegant, tiny, with a 330 - to the gross weight of 370-pounds, it seemed a dragonfly or a girl because of its translucent wings covered with silk, and was therefore considered the "Demoiselle" in French. It was the world's aircraft sport in the first place.
Share the pendulum wing dihedral and low extreme, emulating the center of gravity with his No. 14-bis and 19 N º predecessors could only benefit from such design features in static conditions, still air. These, however, do not exist, the aircraft is therefore susceptible to fluctuations increasingly destabilizing resulted in flight over the pitch and roll. However, since the aircraft first successful lighter than air married with the experience of Santos-Dumont, with a internal combustion engine at an extremely low eight fixed wing structure. With an average maximum level flight speed of 52 kilometers per hour, was 12 pounds per horsepower and 3.1 lbs per square foot of wing lift, but had once attained a maximum speed of 55.8 miles per hour in September 1909 and had flown a distance of 11 miles in 16 minutes.
Emulating the success of concurrent Blériot XI, became in the first Demoiselle Santos-Dumont, and only aircraft which are doubled-and in significant numbers. Clément-Bayard, for example, an automaker Paris built about 300 cars with engines of 30 horsepower and sold them $ 1,250 each, while the aircraft could be purchased for $ 1,000 in Chicago $ 250 without engine Hamilton Aero Manufacturing Company. In France, a Demoiselle Flying School was established and sometimes boasted of Santos Dumont himself as one of their instructors, and in 1911, Popular Mechanics magazine published his drawings and assembly instructions. Also like the Blériot XI of his day, he met privately in quantities abundant.
For a January 4, 1910 flight, crashed Demoiselle, according to one account, because of a broken live wire reinforcement. "Although Santos-Dumont had non-fatal injury, his emotional state was affected the most precarious. As a result, the Demoiselle became his last design and January 04, served as his last flight as a pilot, the pioneer of 36 years of age, saying he had achieved the objectives of misfortune of his life with her.
Always the intention in the development and advancement of aviation for transport purposes and social and economic development, which had been emotionally shattered by the destructive role played during World War II and had vehemently opposed. Haunted by the multitude of lives lost prematurely as a result of his own invention, which finally ended his life 22 years later, in July 23, 1932, in Brazil, having attained goal paradoxically self-declared life deeply affecting humanity with his inventions in ways both positive and negative.
The Demoiselle in Rhinebeck Aerodrome old collection is a reproduction that had been built by Cole Palen in the 1950s at the Red Oaks home of his parents Mills, the idea had come from the same time, and similarly built Curtiss Model D.
In the example of Rhinebeck last restoration had taken place in the mid-1990s when Dan Taylor, a pioneering aircraft pilot Rhinebeck, had tried to make it more representative of the original Demoiselle No. 20 and for those who had secured a 30-hp, two cylinder, air cooled engine Detroit Aero 1909, the guy who fed the U.S. manufacturing airframes. Savastino Paul, a professional mechanic and welder, a design suitable aircraft assembly able to withstand the engine without overburdening its bamboo construction.
Suspended from the high ceiling of New York Jacob Javits Center in July 2002 New York Jewelry, Watch and Clock Display, the monoplane represented in both the Old Rhinebeck and Alberto Santos-Dumont, Louis Cartier whose connection was forged almost 100 years ago, when he had designed a wristwatch for him hands-free after learning that the dirigible pilot was unable to control their aircraft while controlling time with his pocket watch hunter during his circumnavigation of the famous Eiffel Tower in search of prize Deutsch.
Today, the aircraft shown in the old Pioneer Rhinebeck Aerodrome aircraft hangar, one of four buildings on the airfield on a hill.
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