Sram Chain
Electronic Medical Move unit to home care
There is a growing trend of patient care away from hospitals and clinics and households. Health care providers are also driving this, as home care can help improve efficiency and reduce costs incurred by physicians and hospitals. Portable medical electronics technology can accelerate this process.
In the most basic form, portable medical devices are batteries, microcontrollers handhelds measurements taken and analyzed using a series of biosensors in a patient.
There are several functional blocks that are common to most of portable consumer devices and home-based care:
• Bio-sensor (s) or bio transducers
• Amplification and the conversion from analog to digital sensor input
• Power management: power control and power sequencing system
• Microcontroller: Low-power operation and control.
• User interface: the display and the man-machine, keyboards, scrollwheels, buttons and switches
Additional requirements may drive requirements:
• Storage: multiple interface standards
• Interfaces: wireless and wired
• Audio comments or notice
Portable devices should offer low power consumption to prolong battery life. Making robust device and adhere to the rules of government health are additional requirements. And all designs, faster time to market, low cost, reliability and small form factors are important.
While the engineering general about making the balance between the opposite characteristics, specifications and space limitations, such fees are generally difficult making in the medical field notebook. The needs in this market are often inconsistent, the need for small form factor along with high functionality, low power consumption energy with high performance analog and long battery life with high processing capacity.
An excellent example is a system Portable Monitor patient's vital signs, measuring blood pressure, heart rate, oxygen pulse and temperature using infrared thermometry. The use of a programmable system-on-chip (PSoC) in this design reduces the complexity of design, offering configurable integration of the complete signal chain for signal processing analog, resulting in significant space and cost savings. A single PSoC can perform all control functions needed in this design, different tasks at different times depending on the operation taking place.
A patient's vital signs using PSoC Monitor has the advantage of emulating most peripheral required within a tab. A single PSoC includes Flash memory and SRAM, a MCU, ADC, PWM, filters, USB and capacitive sensing control. LCD unit is integrated into the PSoC. The pressure transducer and the LCD display are external to PSoC. Clearly, there is a component count reduction immediately, with most peripherals integrated into the SOC.
The signal path for analog signal processing blood pressure pulses is configured in PSoC. This design interfaces to an external pressure transducer and blood pressure cuff, and the engines to boost the flow of air into the air chamber and a relief valve stock pump. An external display interfaces to provide better readability PSoC physiological data.
Blood pressure
Blood pressure is measured by the oscillometric method, where intra-arterial pulsations are transmitted to the band through a pressure transducer. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure is measured from the amplitudes of the oscillations. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) are obtained by identifying the region where a rapid increase then decrease in amplitude of the pulses. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) is located in the point of maximum oscillation. The cuff pressure signal is very small magnitude, in millivolts. Therefore the raw cuff pressure signal passes through a two-stage amplifier for maximum gain. A filter is necessary to filter unnecessary pulses produced by the artery, which is in ranks higher than the band of the pressure signal. A band pass filter to achieve this goal. Then, a DC level appears as a line basis for the oscillations and the ADC to read the signal with respect to this initial baseline. The base line must remain at the same level, or the amplitude of the oscillations can not get measured correctly and with respect to the same reference.
The actual calculations are carried out by software that runs on PSoC microcontroller.
Using pulse oximetry oxygen saturation. Oxygen saturation, often referred to as SaO2 or SpO2, is the reason of oxyhemoglobin (HBO2) to the total concentration of hemoglobin in the blood (oxyhemoglobin + reduced hemoglobin). The wavelength range in the near infrared red part of the electromagnetic spectrum is the range for which it is not the attenuation of light by body tissues (tissue and pigmentation to absorb blue, green and yellow, the water absorbs longer wave infrared).
With pulse oximetry, only the signal directly related to the inflow of arterial blood in the body segment is used to calculate oxygen saturation. A pulsatile signal that varies in time with the beats of the heart, superimposed on a DC level. This throbbing heart is a sign? synchronously. If we assume that the increase in light attenuation is caused only by the arterial blood flow in fingertip, we can calculate the oxygen saturation of arterial blood by subtracting the DC component of the attenuation of the total attenuation, leaving only the heart? synchronous pulsatile component for dual? wavelength determination of oxygen saturation.
The only external components required are infrared and red LEDs, photodetectors can detect LED emission and discrete components to match and tune the LEDs and detector characteristics. LED external reasons required to produce maximum power transfer to match the lighting conditions.
The calculations are done with the software again led by microcontroller inside the chip.
This design uses an infrared sensor, which is little more than a thermopile with a membrane embedded micro-machining with thermocouple junctions to measure temperature. The thermocouple provides a temperature differential between hot and cold junctions. A voltage corresponding to the difference temperature is generated by the thermocouple. An electrical potential is created at the junction thermopile as a result of the temperature difference in the membrane. The sensor also has a integrated thermistor to compensate for ambient temperature.
The temperature is calculated in software using a correlated double sampling algorithm that is effective in slow variables analysis analog signals in the presence of a large volume of low frequency noise and DC offsets.
Tools Software
PSoC Designer is an integrated design environment tool that combines the features drag and drop with the ability to add C or assembly language code on the fly. The software has many pre-configured by the user and features analog and digital modules to shorten development time. It has an integrated JTAG programmer and a debugger that allows real-time emulation of the program, download more code to the non-volatile memory of the processor. With this tool, a designer selects components (counters, PWM, ADC, DAC, etc) from a catalog and then can modify the design using an integrated approach C / editor, assembler, and then program and debug the design. .
Conclusion
The three functions of vital signs Monitor patient's use of such external peripherals such as LCD, keyboard and energy sources. The only variables are the sections transducer. In the three functions, the chain emulates the signal inside the chip and the calculations of signal processing software running on the PSoC microcontroller. So, using a PSoC and peripherals some, the three functions are implemented in a single device. This design approach also reduces the induction components reduces noise and power consumption. Also allows quick and easy changes, even late in the design cycle.
About the Author
Pavitra Ramanujam and Shamik Mehta, Cypress Semiconductor Corp.
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