Stem Old
New Generation Reproductive Technologies (stem cells, nanotechnology)
I. Advances in the placenta and development embryo
1.Abstract:
Early embryonic development requires detailed research if we are to reduce mortality embryo. details embryo mortality have been reviewed (Wani, 2005.) reproductive abnormalities have been discussed and a photographic exhibition Sequential embryonic mortality have recently been published (Khatoon et al, 2007). The most critical period of embryonic loss overlooked is the period before the embargo. Losses before the actual marriage of fetal-maternal tissue may be lost and the calculation of the mortality estimates embryo still missing. Some recent studies (Wani, 2006, Khatoon et 2006) have paved a new model to for innovative research in maternal-fetal development and its annex. This paper describes the detailed embryonic development, blastocyst elongation, the formation of cotyledons within the elongated blastocyst, its ramifications and networking of vessels and the formation of the unity of the placenta of the fetus. By contrast, photographic evidence Detailed uterine receptivity, the formation of multiple applications of an immunological barrier, the onset of fetal-maternal mechanism barrier along with the formation of wattles, the formation of uterine milk and finally the union of cotyledous with wattle has been photographically documented.
2.Introduction:
Second and third generation animals examined as biotechnology (Wani, 2005), multiple ovulation, transfer embryo preservation, cloning, embryo micromanipulation division and nuclear transfer. The fourth generation of reproductive technologies have to move beyond our imagination and we now have transgenic goats give milk rich in insulin. (Wani 2007).'s technology stem cell, embryonic cell culture, pronuclear microinjection, in addition to sperm-mediated transgenesis has been in use and are precisely revised and discussed (Wani, 2005, 2007).
The implementation of this development for diagnostic, therapeutic and especially its economic use transfer to human medicine or for use in the field of industrial requirements of animals for research and evaluation.
The other fact that can be of importance is the number of cells per embryo. During the first day of these cells may be two, but after eight days the number of cells 120 or more. It takes 32 hours for oocysts after fertilization the embryo to reach the cell two. Another 13 hours are needed for its development into an embryo four cells. In another 15 hours 8-cell stage is reached. It is from here onwards that it takes 30 hours for an embryo becomes a morula. This has been one of the most critical periods of embryonic development in sheep. A diagram of genematic follical various stages of maturation of oocyte development and further development has been reported (Wani 2005a) contained in the website is also shown that the protein content after fertilization 16-day embryo increased by 7,500 times. Morphologically, the size varies from spherical to elongate embryo Ovid intercourse after 13 days past. New protein synthesis per unit of embryo is increased during the 8-13 day embryos. Similarly, the phosphorylation per unit of embryos also is ten times more in embryos aged 8 days later stages. Glucose and lactose production increased up to 16 days and maximum metabolic weight is up to 14 days last intercourse. For the synthesis of production increased, the amino acid requirements are made through acid production and Allanic glutonic by embryos. The matobolic products to get rid of the amines. Signal transduction from maternal to fetal controls have been discussed (Moris et al 2001).
3. Dominant follicular dynamics
The animal products, veterinary medical packages, cost-effective genetic (Trait) improved DNA chips, with greater genetic resistance makeup will have a new role in the future. During the following next super advanced technology driven century, we must be prepared to use the 4th generation technologies for animal welfare and protection mechanisms. We used laparoscopy and and ultrasound for 30 years (Wani et al, 1979, Wani 1981.1982), which has become a buzz "words and more sophisticated and modernized for my students around the world (Aggarwal, 2006, Wani, 2006). Our concept of printing DNA finger cashmere goats in the years 1990 Khatlani et al (1995) has crossed the barriers of technological advancement. Today, in these pages, we present our own results
1. Embryonic development, the formation of the cotyledons, blactocyst branching vascular system development, networking of blood vessels to form the early placenta, their union and attachment processes. We describe morphological physiological, endocrinology, histochemistry and receptor analysis support our observations. This is the fifth generation reproductive technology basis for the development of in vitro models-foetida.
For the sixth - tenth scientists reproductive generation we present a theoretical hypothesis in the form of vision -2050.
2. The use of stem cells, germ cells and nanotechnology for the production of disease free very prolific reproductive gametes, their preservation and conservation. The use of these and other molecular and the new generation Diagnostic DNA-related bio-also be discussed.
4. Morphological changes of the uterus:
Early pregnancy morphological landmarks of the uterus have been described only by external rectal cattle (Zamznis, 1976) some of its features important are summarized in a booklet (Wani, 1986). Describes easily palpable signs of early pregnancy in the bovine and compare their observations with equines, sheep and goats. Some early signs of pregnancy on physical examination were:
i) The presence of early pregnancy corpus luteum 15 days post-coitus
ii) Asymmetry of uterine horns 30-35 days post coitus
iii) The movement around 40-49 days in cattle. Thereafter the advanced pregnancy signs of the fetus as a sense membrance and slips. Palpation of placentomes and full of the fetus are known fetal membranes.
Several events the signs of the fetus have been described (Wani, 1986). The month wise morphological evaluation of the fetus in sheep has been reported (Mufti 1995, the Mufti et al, 1997). Several reports of reviews and books now describe events in the development of fetus (Wani, 2005, 2006, 2007).
5. the conceptus in vitro-fetal Development
Pregnancy is an intimate association between mother and fetus. The protective cover of the mother and wattle cotyledons over wrap of fetal membranes blastocysts, transformed into the fetal membranes to the "homograph" status to the fetus. The neck mechanism ruminants has been discussed (Gray et 2002). Their latest findings and accessories are the subject of one of our students.
We have tried many Univel mechanism in the dark blastocyst formation, plancentation and development of the cotyledons. Mucin protective coatings on uterine caruncle and its union with cotyledons Snape.
The internal changes have been correlated with biochemical, morphological and histochemical and histoanatomic characteristic of non-pregnant and pregnant uterus.
6. Maternal interaction-whip:
Estrogen, progesterone in fetal and maternal blood were estimated with concentrations of estrogen receptor progesterone in pregnancy and not been pregnant.
endometrial receptivity has been discussed (Huct-Hudson, et al, 1989, 1996 Wani, Wani, 2003, 205, 2006). Proliferation cells of the uterus is influenced by E2 and P4. These hormones have their receptors in the uterus known as E2 (ER), P4 (PR) receptors (Lee and Demy 2004) have also investigated the same and are being analyzed. Our studies indicate certain changes which they propose a new mechanism of fetal-maternal union (Khatoon and Wani, 2007).
Various growth factors described (Wani 2006) may be useful in the future for in vitro-fetal growth.
7. Reproductive management
Reproductive management strategies to increase meat production could safely be divided into two types:
i. Traditional management: the animals are being managed under zero input / migratory / tribal or extensive management system. The application of the methods described above will be limited. They indirectly can help in this system by the best stallions available.
ii. Modern Management: Zero-grazing, stall-fed or semi-intensive commercial goat farming system may use the above methods to produce increasingly high-quality germplasm. They may use a variety of reproduction techniques improved or reported (Wani, 1996, Wani et al., 200th; Wani et al. 1998; Mufti et al., 1997; Wani and Sahani, 1981, Wani et al., 1986, 1987, 1988 and Buchoo Wani, 1991; Buchoo , and Wani, 1991 Wani Wani, 1989, 1995, Wani, 1984a and b; Wani and Sahani, 1980a).
8. Improved fertility
desired goals of fertility been discussed (Wani, 2001). Increased litter size, breeding early, safe / clean delivery, the harvest of animal origin referred to time, the introduction of elite genes are some of the objectives of desired fertility improvement. The limitations in achieving desired objectives in the sector of small ruminants are the problems of inbreeding, loss reproductive (Wani, et al., 1980, 1981, 1994), mating pre-pubertal mating, indiscriminate or illegal, venereal diseases, nutritional and other pressures. These factors mentioned above refers to reducing the fertility status of ruminants especially under transhuman our immigration systems.
These limitations mentioned could be overcome through the adoption of strategies for improvement (Wani, 2001), including the exchange of sires of the tribe, Gujjar, Bakarwals Chopans and reduce inbreeding. This could be ensured through the legislature or forced castrations and the introduction of outside the herd sires. Detection methods pregnancy is described (Wani, 1981) and later used extensively in J & K, on condition of holding (Wani et al., 1998; Wani, 1989) the needs of adoption as a routine in each flock for better childcare and mother.
9. Biosensitivity Corpora lutea.
growth of corpora lutea and development is the first sign of pregnancy before together with maternal recognition factors discussed (Wani, 1996). The corpus luteum development and responsiveness to PGF2 alpha is now known. The up and down the corpus luteum are insensitive to PGF2 alpha. What makes them insensitive and exploration resurgent need for sensitivity. It may be in the future, CL insensitivity may have direct effects on the survival of the embryo. Does conceptus CL do more sensitive to PGF2 alpha? Or in other words, Does the taxed and untaxed CL-CL behave similar or different from the PGF2 alpha. Many questions regarding the morphology of the ovary, the environment uterine and behavioral patterns should be studied and related co-developed a secure system of handling and healing. In some species CL of pregnancy is necessary to delivery, in others only needed until the placenta develops. Its genesis is completed and biostimulation and bio-functions are not clear and needs further research.
10. Dominant follicle dynamics
The dynamics of the dominant follicle can be targeted to control ovulation. dominant follicle or will be the bride at every ovulation occurs around day 7 of the cycle in women. Occurs much earlier in the day, 1-0 in ruminants (cows, sheep, goats). This point of time can be the center to discuss the future selective interference in the control of ovulation. antagonists during this phase has shown to decrease the estrogen levels in serum and an indirect allusion to the dominant follicle alteration, since it is one of the main source of this hormone during this phase (Fraser, 1987). dominant follicle during your stay to freedom and liberation in ovulation seems to attain some specific qualities. Why? It alone is released from the bonds in the ovary (ovulation) and the rest of their competitors are hampered by the process and atretic follicles. What makes this dominant follicle to achieve these qualities among a vast reserve of follicles need more study. In the next 50 years and possibly a lock means a messaging system default trigger a dominant position in one or a few follicles destined to become the new offspring of that species. This system will provide new opportunities when decoded in the control of ovulation, both for contraception (women) or increased (animals). New gene pool of dominant follicles in ovaries of animals killed High performance helping to spread and multiply the elite.
In superovulation stimulating effect could be avoided by the use of antagonists, as follicles seem to evade dominant repression, which prevents the overstimulation follicular selection and follicular cysts. Follicular fluid and contains components occyte biochemical signals pending to resume (meiosis) growth and development to ensure timely and healthy ovulation needs more exploration (Lenton et al. 1988). Specific triggering signals occyte could help release in vitro maturation occyte success rate.
11. of conceptus in vitro-Fetal Development
The inclination meat production requires more studies on the development of the embryo. It affects prenatal development in three stages. The signs of early pregnancy, bone growth and nervous, a top priority. Over half of pregnancy and later development of the forelimbs. During late gestation muscle development, along with the peripheral extremities, including the hair grow. In order to increase lean meat production, the research necessary to investigate the relationship between hard and soft tissues. Maternal and fetal interactions need a probe. Some basic studies (Mufti, 1996) indicates the prospect of manipulating the production of lean (Wani, 2001, 2002 birth a) by the bio-stimulants during late gestation, which can help the production of muscular lambs / kids at birth, further weight gain. More details have been described (Wani, 2001, 2002a) Fig.1-5). More studies are needed in the future, to reveal the exact mechanism of control in critical transition of power from the mother to the embryonic genome. Application of recent techniques of reverse transcription, PCR and others may reveal details (Schultz et., 1990).
12. Slaughter follicle pool house
A number of our endangered species die where climatic conditions are harsh and difficult. Under temperate conditions bodies are trapped in the snow for long. There is a hope of reviving their follicular pool. Our studies on the resumption of life using the follicles of sheep slaughtered and fertilizing them with sperm from the epididymis was a pioneering attempt in this direction (Wani, 1996) (Fig. 6-8). The protein content of the egg without fertilization is about 100 mg in rabbit, 27 mg in mice (Brinister, 1967, 1971). The small genetic material needs a comprehensive analysis to reveal information the vast codans and anticodans. egg maturation more or resumption of meiosis is initiated during labor or shortly before birth and therefore the number of follicles is fixed from birth. Therefore, the fetal ovary has to be manipulated more especially in view of his insensitivity immune (Guraya, 1985).
13. Gamete biosafety
Bacterial counts of sperm in force an unprecedented number semen fertility (Kher and Dholokia, 1985), contaminational hazards have increased due to environmental pollution, water pollution and air. Above all, the appearance battery resistance and other microorganisms known to antibiotics (Gupta and Maurya, 1993). We examined the semen of 40 bulls kept in the frozen semen bank, Rambirbag, Kashmir bacterial load in semen and sensitivity antibiotics tested (Koul, 2002).
The presence of bacteria in large quantities in semen, its effects quality and fertility (Kher and Dholokia, 1985). The pollution source of semen varies from sites of inflammation and injury to the penis apparatus, contamination in equipment, apparatus, thinners, solvents, air and laboratory environment. These dangers of pollution have increased environmental pollution. Many bacteria that have developed resistance to antibiotics routinely used (Maurya and Gupta 1993) in semen thinners insemination has become more critical and vulnerable. Are needed Further studies in this direction are necessary to develop a free pool of germplasm of bio-safety and infection of frozen and fresh semen in the future.
14. Maternal interaction-whip
The role of endometrial stromal cells during the pre-implantation research is needed additional. Some studies on the ultrastructure of the endometrium (Brinsfield et al., 1974) are still not sufficient to answer questions. What is the role of cells immune and endometrial cells in the immune barrier construction to protect the fetus. fetal biology is the field of research abarren in the world. After some initial steps by Dr Moris young in the UK and D. Srivastava in India, only scattered information is available on the subject (Wani and Buchoo, 1990; Mufti, 1996). There is still much to be unveiled by 2050. The influence of placental hormone breast development and production milk of the dam. fetal membranes serve as the main source of trade nutritious. The arrangement of the cotyledons, wattles, placement of a single embryo Twin Center, clear in the complex mechanisms with common roots. (Mufti et al., 2000) These mechanisms of maternal interaction and relations whip emphasis on appropriate number for fetal diagnosis and maternal nutritional management strategies.
15. Nanotechnology:
In proceedings of the pages we've seen the role of biotechnology in animal reproduction. Future generations will reap the profits Micron Technology is more accurate at nanogram level being replaced by technology-invisible nanotechnology. Now, even as converging technologies as a result of the merger of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology in biomedicine, biotechnology, bio-sciences, genetic engineering and information technology.
The cognitive sciences such as neuro-science, computing, communication, combined with nanotechnology can be as mystical and deterministic science shows appear as "Majic sample." This new technology wave "may define our spiritualists wavelengths. Many unresolved or resolved facts birth and genetic constitution as it was known send messages of saints Sagic, peers and fakirs.
The birth of a technology requires patience from the public and policy makers. In the past, "Michael Faraday" - the inventor of the generator power, was asked by the then Minister of Finance as to what use the electricity they generate. Argues, but no convincing argument to the accountant. Finally, he promised that one day when you can tax. Today a remote destination on earth requires 24 hours of electricity. They never discuss the price, but its availability as a savoir to life and become a doctor, veterinarian or any other field. Faraday and I profess and advocate experiments on the use of nanotechnology in animal reproduction today. It may sound strange, but in my life I'm going to see a close-up the role of nanotechnology in animal reproduction.
16. What is Nanotechnology
Technology related to features of nanometer scale. Thus, given known in minute detail gametes, head of the sperm-zona pellucida collision was filmed. The explosion radial cortical reaction is unknown. All chemical messengers was released to nano-scale.
The shape of gametes, zygotes, embryos and fetal development in nanolevel give birth to new additions to our knowledge. The use of such information using programming languages, hard and soft this knowledge are dispensable and can be used in remote corners of the universe ". Combing cognitive mythical and mysterious occurs in the womb can be recorded and translated by nano-ultra-sonography.
This futuristic vision of nanotechnology is still nanographic of information and has been described (Mordini, E, 2007).
Nanotechnology can enable us to send tiny nano chips in the uterus of the animal to send signals that we want to know for the prevention of disease. The stem cell technology, stem cells are combined with nanotechnology will bring new hope and a future for propapagation Gene-technology-ETT-AI Combine. It may sound like sending a wave of spirit to fertilize an egg "- which shows the" God's Word in the Qur'an to create the through Chirst mystical spirit. This and the convergence of other technologies Reproductive known challenge for us in the future
Nanaoparticels agents can be developed that can use blood and carry durgs to cure at molecular. Thus a new mechanism for selecting the smallest infectious agents could be a possibility.
17. Stem cell-Technology:
Stem cells are undifferentiated cells. The embryo at morula stage have undifferentiated blastomeres. These cells can transform themselves into 200 or more cell type that could be used to repair or regenerate new target cells. This advanced cell research can help people who are sick as suffering from cancer, Alzheimer's disease syndrome, Parkinson's disease and even paralysis.
Stem cells derived from embryos 4-5 days of age or fertilized cells. Stem cells, the technology has a new role to play in animal reproduction.
First, the source stem cells could be pooled oocytes slaughter house or the vast reservoir of embryos hatching in many animal species.
Second, the source of cells can be obtained from the culture of the fetus and whether the new cell immunoprotectant fetal adult could help or provide specific germ cells of any organ, in particular, the repair of organs could be a new revolution.
About the Author
Professor Ghulam Mohyuddin Wani did his Ph.D from IVRI, Izatnagar in 1985 in Animal Reproduction / Gynaecology and got Dr. Med. Vet.**Additional Doc. Degree from Veterinary Institute, Deemed Univ. Hannover Germany in 1984 in the field of Animal Reproduction/ Production. He also earned DAAD Fellowship(Post Doc.) from German Academic Exchange, Hannover, Germany in Animal Breeding institute, Buetweg, Hannover,Germany and is currently Director Extension Education and Director SAMETI in the S.K. University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar – Srinagar.
This article was Invited Lead paper presented at Indian Society for study of Animal Reproduction (ISSAR) Conference held at Agricultural University, Bunwashwar, Orissa – on 7th to 9th Dec, 2007.
The author can be contacted at: P.O.Box: 461, GPO, Srinagar by post or mailed at wanimohyuddin@yahoo.com
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