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Faint young Sun paradox

Leave early solar
Early in the history of the Earth, sunrise would be only 70% as intense this time because it is in the modern era. In the current environmental conditions, the solar output would not be sufficient to maintain a liquid ocean. Astronomers Carl Sagan and George Mullen said in 1972 that this is contrary to the geological and paleontological evidence.
According to the Standard Solar Model, the Sun-like stars light gradually along its main sequence life. However, with the solar luminosity predicted 4 billion (4109) years ago and the concentrations of greenhouse gases as well as up to date for modern Earth, any liquid water exposed to the surface to freeze. However, the geological record shows a continuous surface relatively warm in the full temperature record in the early Earth, with the exception of a cold phase around 2.4 million years ago. Related water sediments have been found that date to as early as 3.8 billion years ago. Tips for early life forms have been dated as early as 3.5 billion years, and the carbon isotopy is very basic in line with what is found today. A regular exchange between ice ages and warm periods is found only from one billion years ago. [Citation needed]
Greenhouse hypothesis
When first formed, the Earth's atmosphere may have contained more greenhouse gases. carbon dioxide concentrations may have been higher, with the partial pressure estimated as large as 1000 kPa (10 bar), because there was no plant photosynthesis to convert the gas into oxygen. Methane, a greenhouse gas that reacts with active oxygen to produce carbon dioxide, can have also been more prevalent, with a mixing ratio of 104 parts per million by volume.
Based on a geological study of sulfur isotopes, in 2009 a group of scientists including Yuichiro Ueno of Tokyo University suggested that carbonyl sulfide (OCS) was present in the Archean atmosphere. carbonyl sulfide is an effective greenhouse gas and scientists estimate that the additional greenhouse effect would have been sufficient to prevent the Earth from freezing.
Following initial accumulation of the continents after about one billion years, the geo-botanist Heinrich Walter and others believe that a non-biological cycle carbon provide a negative temperature feedback. Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere dissolves in liquid water and combined with metal ions derived from weathering of silicate to produce carbonates. During periods of glaciation, this part of the cycle is closed. Volcanic carbon emissions then reboot a cycle of warming due to greenhouse effect.
According to the Snowball Earth hypothesis, may have been a number of periods in the oceans Earth froze completely. The most recent such period may have been about 630 million years. After the Cambrian explosion of new life forms multicellular began.
Astronomical considerations
Phanerozoic Climate Change
A minority view, proposed by Israeli-American physicist Nir Shaviv, climatological features of the solar wind, combined with a hypothesis of the Danish physicist Henrik Svensmark of the cooling effect of cosmic rays to explain the paradox. According to Shaviv, the early Sun had issued a stronger solar wind that produce a protective effect against cosmic rays. At that early age, a moderate greenhouse effect comparable to those of today would have been enough to explain a land free of ice.
The minimum temperature around 2.4 billion years goes along with a modulation of cosmic rays flow rate of star formation in the Milky Way variables. The reduced solar impact later results in a stronger impact of cosmic ray flux (CRF), which is the hypothesis that lead to a relationship with climatic variations.
An alternative model of solar evolution has been proposed as an explanation for the weak young sun paradox. In this model, the early Sun underwent a long period increased production of solar wind. This caused a loss of mass of the Sun in the order of 510% over its useful life, resulting in a more consistent level of brightness solar. (In the early Sun had more mass, resulting in energy production than expected.) In order to explain the warm conditions in the Archean era, this mass loss must have occurred within an interval of about one billion years. However, the records of the ion implantation of meteorites and lunar samples show that increasing the speed of the solar wind flow only lasted for a period of 0.1 million years. Observations of young star like the Sun a Ursa Majoris matches this rate of decline in the stellar wind production, suggesting that a mass loss rate than can not by itself resolve the paradox.
See also
Isua greenstone belt
Paleoclimatology
References
Ab ^ Sagan, C., Mullen, G. (1972). "The Earth and Mars: evolution of atmospheres and surface temperatures. "Science 177: 5256. doi: 10.1126/science.177.4043.52. http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/177/4043/52?ck=nck .
^ Gough, DO (1981). "Solar interior structure and luminosity variations." Solar Physics 74: 2134. doi: 10.1007/BF00151270. Bibcode: 1981SoPh ... 74 ... 21G. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1981SoPh...74...21G.
^ Windley, B. (1984). The evolution continents. New York: Wiley Press. ISBN 0471903760.
^ Schopf, J. (1983). Opening of the Earth biosphere: its origin and evolution. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0691083231.
^ Veizer, Jan (March 2005). "Celestial climate driver: a perspective from four billion years of carbon cycle. "Geoscience Canada 32 (1).
^ Walker, James CG (June 1985). "Carbon dioxide on the early Earth." Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere 16 (2): 117 127. doi: 10.1007/BF01809466. Bibcode: 1985OLEB ... 16 .. 117W. http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/43349/1/11084_2005_Article_BF01809466.pdf. Retrieved 1/30/2010.
Pavlov ^, Alejandro A., James Kasting, F., Brown, Lisa L.; Rages, Kathy A., Freedman, Richard (May 2000). "Greenhouse warming by CH4 in the atmosphere of early Earth." Journal of Geophysical Research 105 (E5): 1198111990. doi: 10.1029/1999JE001134. Bibcode: 2000JGR ... 10511981P.
^ "Geological OCS sulfur isotopes indicate high in the Archean atmosphere, the young Sun paradox weak solution Ueno, Y., Johnson, MS; Danielache, SO; Eskebjerg, C., Pandey, A., Yoshida, N. ". Minutes National Academy of Sciences 106 (35): 1478414789. September 2009. Doi: 10.1073/pnas.0903518106. Bibcode: 2009PNAS 10614784U ...
^ Veizer, J. (1976). BF Windley. ed. The early history of Earth. London: John Wiley and Sons. p. 569. ISBN 0471014885.
^ Zeebe, Richard (April 28, 2008). "Before fossil fuels, earth minerals CO2 kept at bay. "Mnoa University of Hawaii. http://www.hawaii.edu/cgi-bin/uhnews?20080428100407. Retrieved on 01/30/2010.
^ Walker, JCG, Hays PB, Kasting, JF (October 20, 1981). "A negative feedback mechanism for long-term stabilization of the temperature of the surface Earth "(PDF). Journal of Geophysical Research 86: 97,769,782. doi: 10.1029/JC086iC10p09776. Bibcode: 1981JGR .... 86.9776W. http://geosci.uchicago.edu/ ~ archer/JournalClub/walker.1981. WHAK.pdf. Retrieved 1/30/2010.
^ Hoffman, Paul F., Kaufman, Alan J., Halverson, Galen P.; Schrag, Daniel P. (August 28, 1998). A Neoproterozoic Snowball Earth. 281. pp. 13,421,346. doi: 10.1126/science.281.5381.1342.
^ Shaviv, NJ (2003). "Towards a solution to the paradox of weak early Sun: A lower flow of cosmic rays a stronger solar wind "]. p. 1437. doi: 10.1029/2003JA009997. http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0306477v2].
^ Gaido, Eric J.; Gdel, Manuel; Blake Geoffrey A. (2000). "The faint young Sun paradox: A test observation of a solar alternative model." Geophysical Research Letters 27 (4): 501-504. doi: 10.1029/1999GL010740. Bibcode: 2000GeoRL .. 27 .. 501G.
Further reading
Bengtsson, Lennart, Hammer, Claus U. (2004). Geosphere-Biosphere Interactions and Climate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521782384.
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