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Satellite television

History
The satellite television signal was broadcast first in Europe to the Telstar satellite over America North in 1962. The first geosynchronous communications satellite, Syncom 2 was launched in 1963. The world is the first commercial communication satellite, called Intelsat I (nicknamed Early Bird) was placed in synchronous orbit on April 6, 1965. The first national network of satellite television, called Orbita, was created in the Soviet Union in 1967 and was based on the principle of using the highly elliptical Molniya satellite for broadcasting and signal distribution TV earth stations Downlink. The first national satellite in North America to carry television was Canada's geostationary Anik 1, which was released in 1972. ATS-6, the first experimental educational and direct broadcast satellite, was launched in 1974. The first geostationary satellite to carry direct Soviet the home television, called Ekran, was launched in 1976.
Technology
Satellites used for television signals are generally naturally highly elliptical (with inclination of + / -63.4 degrees and orbital period of about 12 hours, also known as Molniya orbit) or geostationary orbit 37,000 km (22,300 miles) above the Earth Ecuador.
Satellite television, like other communications by satellite, starts with a transmitting antenna located in an uplink center. Satellite dishes are very large uplink, as much as 9-12 meters (30-40 feet) in diameter. The increased diameter results on targeting more accurate and greater signal intensity in the satellite. The uplink dish is pointed toward a specific satellite and uplink signals transmitted within a certain range of frequencies in order to be received by one of the transponders tuned to that frequency range aboard that satellite. The transponder "Broadcast" signals to Earth, but on a different frequency band (a process known as translation, used to avoid interference with uplink signal), usually in the C-band (48 GHz) or Ku-band (1218 GHz) or both. The first leg of the signal path from the satellite to station receiving earth is called the downlink.
A typical satellite has up to 32 Ku-band transponders and 24 C-band only satellite, or over hybrid satellites. Typical transponders each have a bandwidth between 27 MHz and 50. Each C-band geostationary satellite must be within 2 degrees the next satellite (to avoid interference). For Ku space can be 1 degree. This means that there is an upper limit of 360 / 2 = 180 geostationary satellites C-band and 360 / 1 = 360 geostationary Ku-band. C-band transmission is susceptible to terrestrial interference while Ku-band transmission affected by the rain (water is an excellent absorber of microwaves at that frequency in particular).
The downlinked satellite signal, quite weak after to travel the great distance (see inverse square law), is collected by a satellite dish reception, which reflects the weak signal from the antenna coordinate point. Mounted on brackets at the focal point of the antenna is a device called a feedhorn. This feedhorn is essentially the front end of a burned-section of waveguide that gathers signals at or near the focal point and 'leads' to a probe connected to a truck or low noise block Downconverter or LNB. The LNB amplifies the signals relatively weak, the filters block frequencies at which the satellite television signals are transmitted, and converts the block of frequencies to a frequency range lower range of the L-band. The evolution of the LNB was one of necessity and invention.
The original C-band satellite TV systems use a low noise amplifier connected to the feedhorn at the focal point of the dish. The amplified signal was then fed through very expensive and sometimes the impedance 50 ohms gas filled coaxial cable to a receiver hardline interior or, in other designs fed to a Downconverter (a mixer and oscillator voltage in line with some filter circuits) to a Downconversion MF. The channel selection was controlled, usually by a voltage tuned oscillator with the voltage tuning to be fed through a separate cable from the header. But this design evolved.
Designs for microstrip based converters for frequencies Radio amateurs were adapted for the 4 GHz C-Band. Central to these designs was concept of block Downconversion a range of frequencies to a minor, and blocking technology easier management of frequencies (MF).
The advantages of using an LNB are that cheaper cable could be used to connect the receiver inside the dish and LNB satellite TV, and the technology for handling the signal in L band and UHF was far cheaper than the management of the signal C-band frequencies The shift to cheaper technology cable impedance of 50 Ohm, N-connectors C-band systems to the cheaper technology and Plugs 75 Ohm F-allowed the first satellite TV receivers to use, what they were actually changed on UHF TV tuners which selected television satellite for the conversion down to a lower intermediate frequency centered on 70 MHz in which demodulated. This shift allowed the satellite television DTH industry in exchange for being a big fan of one when the receivers were built in low numbers and complete systems were expensive (costing thousands of dollars) to measure a commercial mass production.
Direct broadcast satellite dishes are equipped with an LNBF, which integrates the feedhorn with the LNB.
The satellite receiver demodulates and converts the signals into the desired form (outputs for television, audio, data, etc.) Sometimes, the receiver includes the ability to encrypt or decrypt, the receiver is called an integrated receiver / decoder or IRD. The cable connecting the receiver to the LNBF or LNB must be of low loss RG-6 quad shield RG-6 or RG-11, etc, not can be standard RG-59.
Standards
Analog television distributed via satellite is usually sent scrambled or unscrambled in NTSC, PAL, Or SECAM TV standards. The analog signal is frequency modulated and is converted from an FM signal with regard to the band. This band has signal video and audio subcarrier (s). The audio subcarrier is further demodulated to provide a raw audio signal.
If the signal is a television signal or multiple digital signals is typically QPSK.
In general, digital television, including that transmitted via satellites, typically based on open standards such as MPEG or DVB-S ISDB-S.
The conditional access encryption or encoding methods include BISS, Conax, Digicipher, Irdeto, Nagravision, PowerVu, Viaccess, Videocipher and VideoGuard. Many conditional access systems have been compromised.
Categories of use
There are three main types of television use Satellite: direct reception by the viewer, reception of local television affiliates, or reception through distribution headers terrestrial cable systems.
Direct viewer reception includes direct broadcast satellite or DBS and television receive-only or TVRO, both used for homes and businesses including hotels, etc.
direct broadcast satellite
direct broadcast satellite (DBS), also known as "Direct-To-Home" is a relatively recent development in the world of television distribution. irective satellite broadcasting may refer to communications satellites themselves DBS service offering or the actual television service. DBS systems are called "mini-antenna" systems. DBS uses the top of the Ku band and as part of the Ka band.
Modified DBS systems can also be run in C-band satellites and have been used by some networks in the past to get around the law of some countries against reception of Ku-band transmissions.
Most DBS systems use the DVB-S standard for transmission. With services pay-TV, the flow of data is encrypted and requires proprietary reception equipment. While the underlying technology is similar reception, technology Pay television is proprietary, often consisting of a conditional access module and smart card.
This measure ensures TV providers satellite that only authorized, paying subscribers have access to Pay TV content but at the same time can allow free-to-air (FTA) channels to be seen even by the people with standard equipment (DBS receivers without conditional access modules) available on the market.
Television receive-only
On TV deadline for receipt only, or TVRO, arose during the early days of satellite television reception to differentiate commercial uplink satellite television and downlink operations (transmit and receive). This was before he had a DTH satellite broadcasting industry television. Satellite television channels at that time were intended to be used by cable TV networks rather than received by the viewers at home. Systems of satellite TV receiver were built largely by amateurs, and engineers. These TVRO system operated mainly in C-band frequencies and the dishes required were large, typically more than 3 meters (10 feet) in diameter. Consequently TVRO is often referred to as "big dish" or "Big Ugly Dish" (BUD) satellite television.
TVRO systems are designed to receive analog and digital satellite feeds of both television and both audio C-band and Ku-band transponders of the FSS-type satellites. The higher frequency Ku-band systems tend to be direct and Interior systems can use an antenna smaller plate due to the higher power transmissions and greater antenna gain.
TVRO systems tend to use larger antennas instead of small satellite dish, since it is more likely that the owner of a TVRO system would have a configuration of C-band, instead of just one configuration Ku-band only. Additional receiver boxes allow for different types of receiving digital satellite signal, as DVB/MPEG-2 and 4DTV.
The narrow beam width a normal satellite dish means that it can only receive signals from a single satellite at a time. Simulsat or the Vertex-RSI Toro, is a satellite antenna quasi-parabolic earthstation is capable of receiving satellite transmissions from 35 or more C and Ku-band satellites simultaneously.
Direct to Home TV
Today, most satellite TV customers in developed markets get their television programming via satellite direct broadcast (DBS) provider such as DISH TV or DTH platform. The provider selects programs and broadcasts to subscribers as a package together. Basically, the goal is to bring dozens or even supplier of hundreds of television channels to customers in a way that approximates competition from cable television. Unlike the previous program, provider of the broadcast is completely digital, which means it has high quality images and stereo sound. In early television Satellite aired on C-band - radio in the 3.4 gigahertz (GHz) to 7 GHz Digital satellite broadcasting transmits programming in the Ku frequency range (10 GHz to 14 GHz). There are five major components involved in a direct to home (DTH) satellite system: the programming source, the broadcast center, the satellite, the satellite and receiver.
Programming sources are simply the channels that offer programming for broadcast. The supplier (DTH platform) to create programming doesn original in itself, but it pays other companies (HBO, for example, or ESPN STAR or TV or Sahara, etc.) for the right to broadcast their content via satellite. Thus, the supplier is a distributor of programming sources. (Cable television networks also work on the same principle.) The central issue is central axis of the system. In the center of dissemination or the issuance of uplink and location, the television provider receives signals from several sources of programming, compresses these signals using digital compression (coding necessary), and beams a broadcast signal to the appropriate satellite. The satellite receives the broadcast signal of the station and relayed to the ground. The dish viewer picks up the signal from the satellite (or multiple satellites in the same part of the sky) and directs it to the receiver in the home viewer. The receiver processes the signal and passes it to a standard TV. These are the steps in detail:
Programming
The cable TV providers get programming from two main sources: international response channels (like HBO, ESPN and CNN, Star TV, SET, B4U etc) and various local channels (SABE TV, Sahara TV, Doordarshan, etc.). Most of the delivery channels also provide programming for cable television and sometimes some of the DTH platforms add in some special channels exclusively to its own to attract more subscribers. Turnaround channels usually have a distribution center that beams their programming to a geostationary satellite. The satellite broadcast center uses large dishes to collect these analog and digital signals from various sources.
Broadcasting facilities
The broadcast center converts all of this programming in a high quality, uncompressed digital stream. At this point, flow contains a large amount of data about 270 megabits per second (Mbit / s) for each channel. To transmit the signal from there, the media center have to compress. Otherwise, it would be too big for the satellite to handle. The providers use the MPEG-2 compressed video format with the same format used to store movies on DVD. MPEG-2 compression, the provider can reduce the 270-Mbit / s stream to about 3 or 10 Mbit / s (depending on the type of programming). This is the fundamental step that has been successful DTH service. With the digital compression, a typical satellite can transmit about 200 channels. Without digital compression, can transmit about 30 channels. In the center of diffusion, the flow of high quality digital video goes through an MPEG-2 encoder, which converts the video programming MPEG-2 of the correct size and format for the satellite receiver at home.
The encryption and transmission
After the video is compressed, the provider needs for encryption to prevent people accessing it for free. Encryption encodes the digital data so that it can only be decrypted (converted back into data used) if the receiver has the satellite receiver with the correct decoding algorithm decryption and security keys. Once the signal is compressed and encrypted, the broadcast center beams it directly to one of its satellites. The satellite picks up the signal, amplifies it and beamed back to Earth, where viewers can pick it up.
The dish
A satellite dish is a special type of antenna designed to focus on a specific emission source. The standard dish consists of a parabolic (Bowl-shaped) surface and a central feed horn. To transmit a signal, a controller sends it through the horn, and the dish focuses the signal in a relatively narrow beam. The dish on the receiving side can transmit information, but can only receive. The reception of the works in the exact opposite plate the transmitter. When a ray hits the curved dish, the parabola shape reflects the radio signal into the interior at some point, like a concave mirror to focus the light at a certain point. The curved dish focuses incoming radio waves in the feed horn. In this case, the point is the dish feed horn, which passes the signal the receiving computer. In an ideal configuration, aren major obstacles between the satellite and the dish, so the dish receives a clear signal. In some systems, the dish has to pick up signals from two or more satellites at the same time. The satellites may be close enough together that a regular dish with a single horn can pick up both signals. This compromises quality somewhat, because the dish is not aimed directly at one or more of the satellites. A new dish design uses two or more horns to pick up signals from different satellites. As the beams from different satellites to hit the curved dish, they reflect at different angles for a beam hits one of the horns and another beam hits a different horn. The central element in the feed horn is blockdown low noise converter, or LNB. The LNB amplifies the signal bounces in the dish and filters out noise (signals not carrying programming). The LNB passes the amplified, filtered signal to the satellite receiver inside the home viewer.
The receiver
Besides information: Set-top box
The final component of the satellite TV system is the whole receiver. The receiver has four essential job: It de-coding the coded signal. To unlock the signal, the receiver needs the proper decoder chip for that programming package. The provider can communicate with the chip, through the satellite signal to make the necessary adjustments to its decoding programs. The supplier from time to time can send signals that disrupt illegal decoders, such as electronic counter measure (ECM) against illegal users. Take the MPEG-2 digital signal and converted to an analog format to a standard television can recognize. Since the receiver spits out only one channel at a time, you can record one show and watch another. Also can see two different programs on two TVs connected to the same receiver. In order to do these things, which are standard on conventional cable, you need to buy a receiver additional. Some receivers have a number of other features as well. They collect a programming signal provider and present this information in a guide screen programming. Many receivers have parental lock options, and some have built-in Digital Video Recorders (DVRs) that allow you to pause television Live or recorded on a hard disk. While the service of digital satellite broadcasting is still missing some basic features of conventional cable (the ability to easily split signals between different TVs and VCRs, for example), the selection of a diverse program and service areas Extended features are now seen as an alternative.
Satellite television, by region and country
Africa
DSTV based in South Africa Multichoice is the leading provider of digital satellite television services in sub-Saharan Africa, broadcasting mainly in English but also in Portuguese, German and Afrikaans. Canal Horizons, owned by Canal + in France, is the leading provider of French-speaking Africa. Another participant in the circuit television satellite in Africa is MyTvAfrica, Technology subsidiary based in Dubai's strong. Satellite television has been far more successful in Africa than cable, mainly because the cable television infrastructure does not exist and would be expensive to install because the majority of Africans can not afford television cable. Furthermore, maintaining a cable network is expensive due to the need to cover larger areas and less populated although there are some terrestrial pay-TV and MMDS services.
Free2view The launch of satellite TV has made available to the masses in Africa. Free2view MSNBC as a channel currently broadcasts exclusive news and is about to launch additional channels.
GTV, a British company, has become sub-Saharan Africa's second television services satellite digital focus for the first time in Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Zimbabwe, Congo ETC.
Nigeria
DSTV had traditionally held a monopoly on the sector Nigerian satellite TV, but three new companies, and television HiTVmytv trend are beginning to compete in this sector
Sudan
Sudan TV, national network of government property is available by satellite, as well as broadcast.
The Americas
United States
It has been suggested this section is divided into a new article entitled The satellite television in the United States. (Discuss)
Currently, there are two main suppliers satellite television subscription service available to U.S. consumers: Dish Network and DirecTV.
In the past three decades, several U.S. satellite services have come and gone or combined to form the current primary care services. In 1975, RCA SATCOM created one, the first satellite dedicated for use by the then three national television networks (CBS, NBC and ABC). Later that same year, HBO leased a transponder on Satcom 1 and began broadcasting television programs via satellite to cable systems. The owners of cable systems paid $ 10,000 to install 3-meter antennas to receive TV signals C band In 1976, Taylor Howard built an amateur system, which consisted of a plate of converted military surplus radar and a satellite receiver designed and built Howard, for home satellite reception. Taylor system could be used for receiving TV programs both communication satellites Americans and Soviets. In 1977, Pat Robertson launched the first basic cable service transmitted by satellite called the CBN Cable Network. In 1979, satellite viewers Top law allows homeowners in the U.S. to own and operate their own private satellite system, consisting of C-band equipment from a multitude of manufacturers they were making parts for systems such as Howard Taylor, and started a major controversy which channels could be received by whom.
USSB was a service Home Direct, established in 1981. In the early 1990s was associated with Hughes and continued until he bought in 1998 by DirecTV.
In 1991 Primestar launched as the first service in North America DBS. Hughes DirecTV, the first national high-power Ku-band DBS system top, went online in 1994. The DirecTV system became the vehicle for delivery of new versions of USSB. In 1996, EchoStar's Dish Network went online in the United States and has come to similar success as a competitor DirecTV primary. AlphaStar service launched in 1996 and went bankrupt in 1997. Dominion Video Satellite Inc., Sky Angel also went online in the U.S. in 1996 with its DBS service geared towards "faith and family. Primestar sold its assets to Hughes in 1999 and changed to DBS IPTV platform.
In 2004, Cablevision's Voom service went online, specifically oriented to the emerging market of HDTV owners and aficionados, but folded in April 2005. The service xclusive high-definition channels are migrated to the Dish Network system. The DBS commercial services are the main competition for cable television service, although the two types of services have significantly different regulatory requirements (eg, cable television has public access requirements, and the two types of distribution have different regulations as regards the distribution of local stations).
90cm multi-LNA toroidal satellite dish
Most emissions ethnic languages in North America are made in the Ku band free-to-air. The largest concentration of ethnic programming is on Galaxy 19-97 W. Pittsburgh International Telecommunications and GlobeCast World TV offers a mix of free channels of ethnic pay-TV DVB-S format international standard, as do others. Home2US Communications Inc. also offers several ethnic channels on AMC-4 to 101 W, and other pay TV channels and free. Several United States-English members language of the network (representing CBS, NBC, ABC, PBS, FOX, The CW (formerly The WB and UPN), ION Network and MyNetworkTV) are available as free-air broadcasts, as the three chains in the United States-Spanish (Univisin, Telefutura and Telemundo). The number of free-air specialty channels is otherwise rather limited. Specific offers TLC tend to come and go quite often and usually with little or no notice, although sites such as LyngSat channels to monitor the changing availability of both free and paid worldwide.
On October 7, 2009, NAB Television Board Chairman Paul Karpowicz scheduled to testify before the Senate Subcommittee on Communications that broadcasters would be willing to allow subscribers to continue doing so distant signals even if the digital transition resulted in subscribers receiving stations I could not do before. The NAB opposed the new offer distant signals if a digital signal was available. The TV Modernization Act had to be approved before the end of 2009. The House bill also allowed to offer Dish Network distant signals. On November 5, President of the Senate Judiciary Committee, Patrick Leahy, said he expected an agreement "short term" in the bill approved by the committee on 24 September. If the Senate approves it, the House will to approve the bill, and if the two versions can not be reconciled, the license to import the signals that expires at year's end could be extended. The version of the House included an agreement with Echostar that, where possible, all markets can receive signals 210 and Echostar could return to distant signals.
The Senate Commerce Committee approved a version of the bill on November 19, without an amendment requiring local signals in all markets in three years, although a study would be carried out in 30 markets by what still had a problem. Before the Senate approval, the two versions of the bill must be reconciled, Judiciary Committee had a short-market solution, while the bill requires Commerce Committee PBS in HD before.
The House passed the Satellite Home Viewer Act Reauthorization December 3. Included in both the House Commerce Committee and House Judiciary Committee releases and renewed the ability to use distant signals for five years, allowed to offer Dish Network distant signals again, and requires 28 markets to receive the signals are not available locally. The bill also deals with some issues of copyright and Dish Network need to offer HD signals for noncommercial 2011 instead of 2013.
One potential problem: the determination that can not receive a signal is still based on analog instead of digital television.
On February 11, 2010, Senate Majority Harry Reid said the reauthorization satellite was part of a jobs bill. Rick Boucher, Chairman House communications and the Internet, believed the bill would pass. The deadline is March, as it has been extended 60 days.
Canada
Currently, there are two main Satellite TV providers Subscription Service available for Canadian consumers: Bell and Shaw TV Direct.The CRTC has refused to allow satellite services U.S., yet hundreds of thousands (up to one million by some estimates) of Canadians access or have accessed American services in general these services must be billed to an address in America and paid in U.S. dollars, although some viewers receive signals America through decryption pirate. Whether such activity is gray market or black market is the source of often heated debate between those who want greater choice and those who argue that the protection of Canadian companies and Canadian culture is more important. In October 2004, Quebec judge ruled Ct Danile Canadian Radio Act to be in violation direct the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, insofar as it prohibits the receipt of services of unlicensed foreign television. The trial gave the federal government a period of one year to remedy this violation of the Constitution. However, this conflicts with previous decisions of the Supreme Court of Canada, and last word in late 2004, was expected to be appealed. [Citation needed] In addition, Canadian satellite providers continue to be plagued by black-market products, which, without doubt "pirate" or "steal" their signals as well as a number of devices otherwise completely legal that can be reprogrammed to receive TV pirate. Although no official statistics, the use of U.S. satellite services in Canada appears to be declining from 2004 Some say that This is probably due to a combination of increasingly aggressive police enforcement and an unfavorable exchange rate between Canada and the U.S. currencies. As the dollar U.S. has been declining since 2005 against other international currencies, the decline in audience DirecTV in Canada could well be unrelated to a difference in both costs as the number of smart card swaps which have made the first three generations of DirecTV access cards (F, H and HU) all obsolete.
Latin America
Latin America main satellite system are SKY Latin America, which has about 1.4 million subscribers in each of Brazil and Mexico and DirecTV Latin America, offering a service to the rest of the Americas, with a total of approximately 1.3 million subscribers. Pay-TV is not popular among Latin Americans that the rights are costly in terms of PPP.
The service offered in Brazil includes Digital TV with Dolby Digital surround sound support, metros and multiple subtitle options, for the first time in the Brazilian market. A recent upgrade to Sky services in Brazil is Sky + which allows customers to record one program while watching another, and Sky HD, which currently provides up to 29 high definition channels. The services are relatively expensive however, therefore market penetration is still limited.
Asia
Bangladesh
There are several satellite providers in Bangladesh. The main ones are as follows: - - # Bangla Vision - # NTV - RTV # - # ATN Bangla - # Channel - Channel # 1 - # Kasturi - # DD - # Boishaki TV - ETV # - # DESH TV - TV Diganta # - # TV Islamic - STVUS # -
Kazakhstan
The first television channel salellite in Kazakhstan, Caspionet, was released by the Khabar news agency in 2002.
Malaysia
"Astro mini-plates."
single operator Malaysian satellite TV, Measat Broadcast Network Systems (a subsidiary of Astro All Asia Networks plc) launched Astro in 1996. He currently has exclusive rights Malaysian government to offer satellite television broadcasting in the country until 2017.
Japan
The broadcasting medium scale satellite for experimental purposes (BSE) was planned by the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications (MOPT) and developed by the National Space Agency Development Agency Japan (NASDA) since 1974. After that, the first Japanese satellite broadcasting experiment called BSE or Yuri, was launched in 1978. NHK started experimental broadcasting of TV with satellite BS-2a May 1984. The satellite BS-2a was initiated in preparation for the start of emissions two large-scale channels. Broadcasting Satellite BS-2a was the first national DBS (direct broadcast satellite), transmitting signals directly to the homes of viewers. Satellite attitude control is accomplished through the three axial (zero motion), and design life was 5 years. Units TV transponder are designed to amplify the signals enough to allow the reception of small, 40 or 60 cm home-use satellite dishes. The satellite is equipped with 3 TV transponders (including reserve units). However, a malfunctioning transponder two months after of launch (March 23, 1984), and there is a second missed three months after launch (May 3, 1984). Therefore, satellite broadcast scheduled had to be modified to test quickly broadcasting a single channel. Later, NHK started regular service (NTSC) and experimental HDTV broadcasting BS-2b used in June 1989. Some Japanese manufacturers of consumer electronics at home began delivering TVsets, video player and origin, including systems Acoustic equipped by satellite tuners or receivers. These electronic products had a specific BS logo. In April 1991, the Japanese company ACC started pay TV service while BS-3 communication satellite was in use. In 1996 the total number of households receiving broadcasting Satellite exceeded 10 million euros. The modern two satellite systems in use in Japan and JCSAT BSAT, the modern WOWOW Broadcasting Satellite Service Digital uses BSAT satellites, while another set of digital television broadcasting SKY PerfecTV! uses JCSAT satellites.
Pakistan
In the Recently there has been little investment in the television industry in Pakistan. There are over 90 satellite channels operating directly inside Pakistan and about operating 40 of its diffusion from Dubai, Thailand, Bangkok and the United Kingdom. [Citation needed]
Philippines
Dream Satellite TV is pay DTH service Philippine Multimedia Service Inc. (PMSI)
Cignal Digital TV is paying Inc. Mediascape's DTH service
G Sat is pay DTH service FUBC.
Thailand
See also: TrueVisions
and the Media in Thailand
TrueVisions is the pay-TV service in Thailand's leading cable television operating in Bangkok and satellite TV across the country. TrueVisions is owned by True Corporation. Viet Nam has launched Sat 4 / 2008 to GMM Grammy is the television service Payment of the second Thailand
Australasia
Australia
Satellite television in Australia has proved a much more viable option than television cable, due to large distances between population centers. The first service that connects in Australia was Galaxy, which was taken later by cable TV giant Foxtel, which now operates both cable and satellite to all state capital cities (except Hobart and Darwin) and the whole of Western Australia. Rival Metropolitan Home was Optus Vision, while rural areas are served by Austar, both of which just rebroadcast Foxtel from 2005. Began operating in 2006 SelecTV, in order to offer relatively inexpensive packages that cater to specialized market niches.
New Zealand
In New Zealand, SKY Network Television offers digital multichannel television service by satellite, in addition to his service no digital terrestrial UHF TV. The newly launched DTT service is also available on the Optus D1 satellite and a high-definition digital terrestrial.
Europe
Continental Western Europe
In Europe, the satellite services DBS is found mainly on Astra and Hotbird (operated by Eutelsat.) BSkyB (aka Sky) serves the UK. SKY Italia, Canal Digitaal and UPC being the main providers in Italy, the Netherlands and Central Europe.
The global market share of DBS satellite services in 2004 was 21.4% of TV households, however, this highly varies from country to country. For example, in Germany, with many free-to-air television stations, the DBS market share is nearly 40%, and in Belgium and the Netherlands, only about 7% due to widespread cable networks with exclusive content.
Russian Federation
The first satellite Soviet communication, called Molniya (or "Lightning") was launched in 1965. In November 1967 the national satellite television Orbita called unfolded. The system consisted of three highly elliptical Molniya satellites, ground facilities and the Moscow-based uplink stations around 20 downlink, which is located in the cities and towns in the remote regions of Siberia and the Far East. Each station had a receiver dish antenna 12 meters and transmitting the broadcast TV signal to local households.
However, a large part of the Soviet central regions were not yet covered by Molniya satellite transponders. In 1976 Soviet engineers developed a relatively simple and inexpensive satellite television (especially for Central and Northern Siberia). Including geostationary satellites called Ekran equipped with powerful 300 W UHF transponders, a broadcasting station liaison Simple up and receive multiple stations in different cities and towns in the region of Siberia. The typical receiving station, also called Ekran, is represented as a satellite receiver at home use equipped with simple analog Yagi-Uda antenna. Later, Ekran satellites were replaced by more advanced satellites Ekran-M series.
In 1979 Soviet engineers developed Moskva (or Moscow) and delivery system broadcasting TV signals by satellite. New type of satellite geostationary communications, called Gorizont, were launched. They were equipped with transponders aboard powerful, so the size of receiving antennas parabolic downlink stations was reduced to 4 and 2.5 meters (compared to the first 12 - meter dishes of standard orbital stations downlink).
In 1989 an improved version of the satellite television system has been called Global'naya Moskva Moskva (Moscow or Global). The system includes a few Gorizont and type of geostationary communications satellites Express. The satellite TV signal global Moscow could be received anywhere in the world except Canada and the Northwest U.S..
Modern Russia, satellite broadcasting services based on powerful geostationary buses and girls, Express, Yamal and Eutelsat to provide a lot of TV channels free-to-air access to millions of homes. Pay-television is growing in popularity among viewers Russian television. The company news Russian NTV, owned by Gazprom, the emissions from the NTV Plus package to 560,000 households, reaching more than 1.5 million spectators. -
UK and Ireland
Sky Digital "mini-antenna"
The first commercial DBS service in the United Kingdom, Sky Television, was launched in 1989 and used the newly launched ASTRA satellite, providing 4 analog TV channels. The video channels and the subsequent system encryption used VideoCrypt the existing standard PAL broadcast. That gave the sky a clear advantage on the winner of the UK state DBS license, BSB.
In the following year, after many delays, BSB was launched, broadcasting five channels (now Galaxy, The Movie Channel, the central and the sports channel) in D-MAC format, with video EuroCypher cipher which relies heavily on the General Instruments VideoCipher system used in the USA. BSB Although the system was technologically more advanced than the PAL system and one of the main selling points of the supply of BSB was the square antenna, an antenna side of the flat plate and the LNB. Sky system uses conventional plates and economic and technology LNB.
The competition between the two companies was fierce and bidding wars for the rights of the United Kingdom to the movies. Heaven keep costs to a minimum, operating from an industrial park in Isleworth in west London. BSB had expensive offices in London (Marco Polo House). The two services were merged to form British Sky Broadcasting (BSkyB) though the new BSkyB was really Sky. The latest technology BSB D-MAC/EuroCypher system was replaced gradually with the Sky system VideoCrypt video encryption.
In 1994 17% of the group was floated on the London Stock Exchange (with ADRs listed on the New York Stock Exchange), and Rupert Murdoch's News Corporation holds a 35%.
In 1999, following the launch of several satellites (at 19.2E for SES Astra, the number of channels has increased to around 60 and BSkyB launched the first digital TV platform by subscription in the United Kingdom, offering a range of 300 channels for transmission of the ASTRA satellites at 28.2E under the brand name Sky Digital. BSkyB's analogue service was suspended on December 31, 2001 and all clients have migrated to Sky Digital.
In May 2008, a satellite service free-to-air The BBC and ITV launched Freesat branded, carrying a variety of channels, including some content in HD format.
The Nordic countries
The first Satellite services specifically for the Nordic region was TV3 which launched in 1987. With the launch of Astra 1A, getting the TV3 channel got easier. The first Nordic-specific satellite, Tele-X, was launched in 1989. The services to the Scandinavian countries were then scattered among several satellites. In 1993, former BSB satellites were bought by a Swede and a Norwegian company, respectively. These two satellites were renamed Thor and Sirius January 1, moved to new positions and started broadcasting services intended for persons in the Nordic region. With the launch of new Thor and Sirius satellites later in the 1990s, Astra and other satellites were abandoned by the services in the Nordic countries with almost all Nordic satellite television migrating to the Sirius and Thor satellites.
Initially the basic channels free-to-air. This caused several rights problems since viewers throughout Europe have able to see much of the programming language acquired English as well as sports for free in northern chains, although the only known channel rights country-specific emission. One way to avoid that was to change from PAL to D2-MAC standard, hardly used anywhere outside the Nordic region. A channel without encrypt could still be seen in all the Nordic satellite homes, so eventually all channels went encrypted (several of them are only available in a country). There are two competing satellite services: Canal Digital (Norway Telenor) and Viasat (Kinnevik). Canal Digital launched in 1997 and was digital from the beginning, Thor broadcasting. Kinnevik had been operating an analogue subscription service since late 1980, but waited until 2000 before launching a service digital. All analogue services from Thor and Sirius have stopped in 2006 when the three other Danish channels go digital-only. The competition between Viasat and Canal Digital has fact that some homes in Scandinavia have to buy two set-top boxes and have two subscriptions to get the full range of channels. Viasat not provide their own channels (TV3, TV3 +, ZTV, TV1000 and Viasat channels brand) in the Canal Digital platform. Canal Digital has yet exclusive distribution channel SBS Broadcasting, Discovery, Denmark, TV2 and Eurosport, for several years the Swedish SVT and TV4 channels also exclusive to Canal Digital.
Middle East and North Africa
The Middle East has high penetration of homes receiving TV channels via DTH satellite. One of the pioneers of free-to-air digital satellite TV MBC is considered that began broadcasting in the C-band through Arabsat and is the first network in the world that offers a free-air Western based English language movie channel to the Middle Public media through its spin-off of channel 2 of the MBC. Its direct rival is considered to be Dubai, United Arab Emirates based on a TV, earlier called Channel 33, which was the first channel in the Middle East to provide English language general entertainment programming for the expatriate community.
Nourmina Channel is the satellite first part of a Jordanian private sector, which issues the Nile Sat 12303H reluctantly, covering all Arab countries, Africa and most of Europe - The first network of digital DTH pay-TV to provide entertainment was Indian satellite orbit Television and Radio Broadcasting Network by Eurobird 2 (Ku band), later on Showtime Arabia a joint venture between Viacom (share of 21%) and KIPCO (79% stake) started broadcasting, through PanAmSat (Band C), but later moved to Nilesat (KU band). Arab Radio and Television (ART) now known as Arab Digital Distribution, although final corner, has gained ground by broadcasting exclusive sporting events. Most popular channels are broadcast from these satellites and positions orbitals: Arabsat at 26E, 100.5E and 105.5E AsiaSat in, Eutelsat Hot Bird 13E, Nilesat at 7W, and PanAmSat at 68.5E. + Currently, there are two major TV providers satellite subscription service available to Canadian consumers: Bell Direct TV and Shaw.
In Israel, the satellite TV services were presented by YES! company, using Israeli based Amos (satellite).
See also
Satellite TV
Microwave antenna
Commercialization of space
FTA Receiver
Molniya orbit
References
^ Robertson, Lloyd (9/11/1972). "Anik A1 Released: close gap. "CBC English TV. http://archives.cbc.ca/500f.asp?id=1-75-92-594. Retrieved on 01/25/2007.
^ The BBC: Country Profile: Sudan. Last updated seen at 13:38 GMT, Wednesday, June 18, 2008 14:38 UK. Retrieved on July 13, 2008.
^ LyngSat monitoring
^ Eggerton, John (6/10/2009). "NAB does not oppose some acquired rights of distant signals." Broadcasting & Cable. http://www.broadcastingcable.com/article/356999-NAB_Won_t_Oppose_Some_Grandfathering_Of_Distant_Signals.php?rssid=20068&q=digital+tv. Retrieved on 10/09/2009.
^ Eggerton, John (5/11/2009). "Leahy Look for 'short-term" agreement on the reauthorization of the satellite. " Broadcasting & Cable. http://www.broadcastingcable.com/article/382942-Leahy_Looks_for_Short_Time_Agreement_on_Satellite_Reauthorization.php?rssid=20068&q=digital+tv. Retrieved on 11/10/2009.
^ Eggerton, John (19/11/2009). "Senate Passes Bill reauthorization satellite." Broadcasting & Cable. http://www.broadcastingcable.com/article/389824-Senate_Passes_Satellite_Reauthorization_Bill.php?rssid=20068&q=digital+tv. Retrieved on 11/20/2009.
^ Eggerton, John (12/03/2009). "SHVRA convincingly pass the House." Broadcasting & Cable. http://www.broadcastingcable.com/article/417629-SHVRA_Passes_Convincingly_in_House.php?rssid=20065&q=digital+tv. Retrieved on 12/03/2009.
^ Eggerton, John (12/15/2009). "Bill said to be on board satellite extension of the house." Broadcasting & Cable. http://www.broadcastingcable.com/article/440498-Satellite_Bill_Extension_Said_To_Be_On_Table_In_House.php?rssid=20103&q=digital+tv. Retrieved on 17/12/2009.
Eggerton ^, John (2/11/2010). "The version of Senate Bill Hill Hits satellite." Broadcasting & Cable. http://www.broadcastingcable.com/article/448896-Senate_Version_of_Satellite_Bill_Hits_Hill.php?rssid=20068&q=digital+tv. Retrieved on 02/25/2010.
^ "CTV.ca | Demand objectives satellite gray market dealers." CTV.ca. Updated Mon. October 21, 2002 20:46 ET. http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/1035231116797_30640316//. Retrieved on 09/06/2008.
^ "News from TV Broadband | Home | Central and Eastern Europe." Broadbandtvnews.com. http://www.broadbandtvnews.com/archive_cen/240306.html. Retrieved on 09/06/2008.
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