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High Dynamic Range Image

Example
Photographs
4 stops
2 stops
Two stops
4 stops
Later merged to HDR LDR was reduced to
Simple contrast reduction
local tone mapping
Photography
Main article: Dynamic Range Photo #
In photography, dynamic range is measured in differences VE (known as stops) between the brightest and darkest parts of the image to show detail. An increase of EV, or stop one is a doubling of the amount of light.
Dynamic ranges of common devices
Dynamic ranges of common devices
Device
Stops
Contrast
LCD Computer
9.5
700:1
digital SLR (1Dmk2)
11
2048:1
Print film
7
128:1
High dynamic range photographs are generally achieved by capturing multiple pictures standard, often using exposure bracketing, and then merge into an HDR image. Digital photographs are encoded in a camera RAW image format, JPEG because 8-bit encryption clips from the camera dynamic range as possible (and also some undesirable effects due to lossy compression).
Any camera that allows manual or under-exposure of a photo can be used to create HDR images.
Some cameras have an automatic exposure bracketing (AEB) have a much more dynamic than others, the EV 3 of the Canon EOS 40D, the EV 18 of the Canon EOS-1D Mark II.
The K-7 Pentax digital SLR has a mode that captures an image HDR HDR and outputs (Only) a tone-mapped JPEG files.
Dynamic range for each ISO setting of 1Dmk2
ISO
Dynamic Range (stops)
50
11.3
100
11.6
200
11.5
400
11.2
800
10.7
1600
9.7
3200
8.7
Mathematics
Relationship contrast = 2 (unlike EV)
EV = log2 difference (contrast ratio)
The fact that an increase of 1 EV means indicates a doubling of light is represented VE often on a base-2 logarithmic scale.
The human perception of brightness is well approximated by a power law of Steven, that over a reasonable range is nearly logarithmic, as described by law Weberechner, which is one reason that the logarithmic measures of intensity of light are often used.
Representing HDR images on LDR displays
Contrast reduction
HDR images can be represented in common LDR devices, such as computer monitors and photographic prints, simply reducing the contrast, and all image editing software is capable of.
Trim and dynamic range compression
High dynamic range scenes are often represented in LDR devices for the cultivation of the dynamic range, cutting the darkest and brightest details or with an S-curve conversion progressively compressing more aggressively in contrast and highlights and shadows, leaving the middle of the range of relative contrast little affected.
An example of a transfer of an HDRI image tone mapped into an urban landscape of New York City night.
Tone mapping
Main Article: tone mapping
tone mapping reduces the dynamic range or contrast ratio, the entire image while maintaining contrast localized (between pixels neighbors), recording in the investigation into how the human eye and visual cortex perceives a scene, trying to represent the entire dynamic range while maintaining the color and contrast.
The images in a tone too processing maps have their rank on the tablet, creating a surreal representation of low dynamic range a high dynamic range scene.
Comparison with traditional digital images
Information stored in high dynamic range images usually corresponds to the physical values of luminance or brightness can be observed in the real world. This is different from traditional digital images, which represent colors that should appear on a monitor or a paper copy. Therefore, HDR image formats are often called "place of the above facts, in contrast to traditional images digital, which are "device referred" or "production referred to." Furthermore, traditional images are usually encoded for the human visual system (maximizing the visual information stored in the fixed number of bits), which is usually called "gamma encoding" or "correction gamma ray. "values stored for HDR images are often compressed gamma (power law) or coded logarithmic or linear values of floating point as fixed-point linear encodings are increasingly inefficient at higher dynamic ranges.
HDR images often use a larger number of bits per color channel traditional images represent many more colors in a range much wider dynamic. 16-bit ("half precision") or numbers Floating-point 32-bit is often used to represent the HDR pixels. However, when the appropriate transfer function is used, HDR pixels for some applications can be represented with only 1012 bits for luminance and 8 bits for chroma, without introducing any visible quantization artifacts.
History HDR Photography
1850
The idea of using multiple exposures to set a luminance range was too extreme already begun in the 1850s by Gustave Le Gray to landscapes that show the sky and sea. This performance was impossible in the time using standard techniques, the brightness range is too extreme. Le Gray used a refusal to heaven, and another one with a longer exposure to the sea, and combine the two into a single image into a positive.
1930
Imaging high dynamic range was originally developed in the 1930s and 1940s by Charles Wyckoff. Wyckoff detailed pictures of nuclear explosions appeared on the cover of Life magazine in the mid 1940s. Wyckoff neighborhood tone reallocation implemented differently combine layers of film exposed in a single image of a wider range dynamics.
1980
The convenience of Human Development has been recognized for decades, but its wider use was, until very recently, excluded by the limitations imposed by computer power available processing. Probably the first practical application of HDRI was by the film industry in the late 1980s and in 1985, Gregory Ward created the image brightness RGBE file format that was the first (and remains the most widely used) HDR image file format.
Wyckoff neighborhood concept mapping tone was applied to video cameras by a panel of the Technion in Israel led by Prof. YYZeevi who filed a patent on this concept in 1988. In 1993 the first commercial camera is introduced physicians who performed real time, capture multiple images with different exposures, and the production of a video image HDR.
Modern HDR images using a completely different approach is based on a power high dynamic range of luminance of light or the map using only global image operations (through the entire image), and then set the tone of this result. Global Human Development Report was first introduced in 1993 resulting in a mathematical theory of differently exposed images the same subject which was published in 1995 by Steve Mann and Rosalind Picard. In 1997 global HDR-technique of combining several differently exposed images to produce a single HDR image was presented to the computer graphics community by Paul Debevec.
This method was developed to produce a high dynamic range image of a set of photographs taken with a series of exhibitions. With the growing popularity of digital cameras and an easy desktop using the HDR term popularly used to refer to this process. This technique made it different from (and may be lower or higher quality) production an image of a single exposure of a sensor that has a native high dynamic range. Tone mapping is also used to display HDR images on devices with a low native dynamic range, such as a computer screen.
1996
Steve Mann has developed and patented global-method for producing HDR images Digital have extended the dynamic range at the MIT Media Laboratory. Mann method involved a two-step procedure: (1) generate a single matrix floating image image point for global operations only (operations that affect all pixels in an identical manner, regardless of their local neighborhoods), then (2) convert this set of images, using neighborhood processing (reallocation of tone, etc), in an HDR image. The matrix of the image generated by the first step of the process Mann is called an "image lightspace", "lightspace image" or "map of radiation." Another benefit of global-HDR images is that it provides access to light or glare intermediate map, which has been used for computer vision and other image processing operations.
1997
In 1997 this technique of combining several images of different exposures to produce a single HDR image was presented to the public by Paul Debevec.
2005
An representation tone map HDR photo taken in Ithaca, New York
Photoshop CS2 introduced the HDR merge function.
In many respects, Photoshop CS2's HDR function is the holy grail of dynamic range. With shots and properly processed files that allows photographers to create easily images that were previously impossible, or at least very difficult. But, good as is, as a gun or nuclear energy, can be a force for evil as well.
Not every image should have 10 to 15 stops of dynamic range. In fact, most very nice photos, thanks largely to 5-7 stops of dynamic range that are used to. I fully expect to see some really silly if not downright ugly images in the coming months, when photographers get your copy of Photoshop CS2 and begin to discover what the function is able to do HDR.
But, as with all these tools [sic] in the hands sensitive artists and craftsmen responsible, I'm sure you will start to be shown to the world in new and exciting ways.
Reichmann Michael, landscape light
Video
Until recently there was "pure" HDR examples of film based, since the effects were most used during the sequences, mixed in the movies. However with the advent of low cost consumer digital cameras, many fans began posting videos timelapse tone mapping HDR on the Internet. In 2008 Mobius / Quark Films released "Silicon Valley Timelapse" which is said to have almost 1.1 million tone mapped HDR frames, making it the largest source of tone mapped HDR images available to date. [Citation needed]
See also
Methods
High Dynamic Range Rendering
Wide dynamic range
File Formats
Comparison of graphics file formats
RGBE Radiance image format. Hdr
OpenEXR. Exr
Logluv Tiff. Tiff
BEF Unified Color,. BEF
scRGB color space
Software
View HDR (Software)
Radiance - rendering software HDR (Free)
HyperShot - HDR rendering software
CinePaint - open source image editing software HDR, GIMP fork in 1998
United HDR color PhotoStudio advanced HDR imaging software
Highlight headroom
Photomatix Pro (MacOSX, Win32, USD 99, free trial version with watermark)
SilverFast HDR / HDR Studio 48 bits per pixel of image processing software
Hugin - open-source fusion HDR panorama stitching software (Linux, MacOSX, Unix, Windows, GPL-2 + free of charge)
Dynamic Photo HDR (MacOSX, Win32, USD 55; trial period)
References
^ Reinhard, Erik, Ward, Greg, Pattanaik, Sumanta; Debevec, Paul (2 006). High dynamic range imaging: acquisition, visualization, and image-based lighting. Amsterdam: Elsevier / Morgan Kaufmann. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-12-585263-0. "The images that store a representation of the scene in a range of intensities in the scene are consistent with what is called HDR, or "glow maps." Furthermore, we call appropriate images for display with the current LDR display technology. "
^ Cohen, Jonathan and Tchou, Chris and Hawkins, Tim and Debevec, Paul E. (2001). Jacob Steven Gortler and Karol Myszkowski. ed. "Real-Time High Dynammic Texture Mapping Range. "Eurographics 12 Workshop Process on behalf of Technology (Springer) 313 320. ISBN 3-211-83709-4.
Vassilios Vonikakis ^ and Ioannis Andreadis (2008). "Fast Automatic Compensation of Under / Over Regions-exposure image." On Sunday Mery and Luis Rueda. Advances in image and video technology: Second Pacific Rim Symposium, PSIVT 2007, Santiago de Chile, 17 to 19 December 2007. p. 510. ISBN 9783540771289. http://books.google.com/books?id=vkNfw8SsU3oC&pg=PA510&dq=hdr+sdr+ "Standard dynamic range + +" & ei = v = # gqe6Svq0IZfGM7KehMYP onepage & q = hdr sdr "standard dynamic range" & f = false.
^ ab RN Clark. "Digital Cinema Summary forehead." http://www.clarkvision.com/imagedetail/film.vs.digital.summary1/index.html. Retrieved on 28/02/2010.
^ "Automatic exposure camera model." http://hdr-photography.com/aeb.html. Retrieved September 18, 2009.
^ "The Pentax K-7: The era of the High Dynamic Range Imaging Camera has arrived! ". Http://www.adorama.com/alc/blogarticle/11608. Retrieved September 18, 2009.
^ RN Clark. "Procedures for the evaluation of digital noise from the camera sensor, dynamic range, and well-rounded capabilities, Canon 1D Mark II Analysis." http://www.clarkvision.com/imagedetail/evaluation-1d2/index.html. Retrieved on 08/21/2009.
^ Stevens Stanley Smith Stevens and Geraldine (1986). Psychophysics: Introduction the perception of its prospects, Neural and Social. Transaction Publishers. pp. 208 209. ISBN 9780887386435. v = # http://books.google.com/books?id=r5JOHlXX8bgC&pg=PA208&dq=eye+logarithmic+power-law&lr=&as_brr=3&ei=TSyOSqTWHIuWlQS2sZG5Bw onepage and eye q = logarithmic power law & f = false.
^ Vernon B. Mountcastle (2005). The sensory hand: neural mechanisms of somatic sensation. Harvard University Press. pp. 1617. ISBN 9780674019744. v = # http://books.google.com/books?id=WOmqKSheygYC&pg=PA17&dq=logarithmic+weber-fechner&lr=&as_brr=3&ei=9DKOSrTaHJCqkASHxZShBw onepage & q = logarithmic Weber-Fechner & f = false.
^ Leslie Stroebel and Richard D. Zakia (1995). The Focal Encyclopedia of Photography (3rd ed.). Focal Press. p. 465. ISBN 9,780,240,514,178. v = # http://books.google.com/books?id=CU7-2ZLGFpYC&pg=PA465&dq=logarithmically+light+nearly&lr=&as_brr=3&ei=UjSOSouBEKWQkAT12-GmBw & q = log onepage light almost & f = false.
Ab ^ Greg Ward, Software Anyhere. "High Dynamic Range Image Encodings." http://www.anyhere.com/gward/hdrenc/hdr_encodings.html.
^ "The RADIANCE Picture File Format." http://radsite.lbl.gov/radiance/refer/Notes/picture_format.html. Retrieved on 08/21/2009.
Fernando ^ Randima (2004). "26.5 linear pixel values." GPU Gems. Boston: Addison-Wesley. ISBN 0321228324. http://http.developer.nvidia.com/GPUGems/gpugems_ch26.html.
^ Max Planck Computer Science. "The perception on the grounds of High Dynamic Range Video Encoding." http://www.mpi-sb.mpg.de/resources/hdrvideo/.
^ J. Paul Getty Museum. Photographer Gustave Le Gray. July 9, 1929 September 2002. Retrieved on September 14, 2008.
^ U.S. Patent Application 5144442, Ginosar, R., Hilsenrath, O., Zeevi, Y., "high dynamic range camera," published 09/01/1992
^ Technion - Israel Institute of Technology (1993.) The sensitivity of adaptation. http://visl.technion.ac.il/research/isight/AS/.
^ "Composition of several images of the same scene, Steve Mann, in IS & T 46th Annual Conference, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 9 to May 14, 1993
^ S. R. W. Mann Picard. "Being ndigital with Digital Cameras: Expansion dynamic range by combining differently exposed images. http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/mann95being.html.
^ U.S. AB patent application 5828793, Steve Mann, "Method and apparatus for producing digital images with greater dynamic range," published 10/27/1998
^ Ab "Combining to HDR in Photoshop CS2. http://www.luminous-landscape.com/tutorials/hdr.shtml. Retrieved on 27/08/2009.
^ "Frequently Asked Questions CinePaint. http://www.cinepaint.org/faq.html. Retrieved on 31/08/2009.
External Links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to tone-mapped HDR images
The Human Development Report 101 imaging
Luminance HDR / Qtpfsgui open source software for creating HDR images
EV
Alternative photography
Lomography redscales Cruz Solari processing Polaroid art Bleach bypass Pinhole Multiple exposure Fisheye HDR Infrared
EV
Photography
Technical Terms
Opening angle of view Circle of confusion Color temperature Depth of field depth of focus Exposure Exposure compensation F-number Film format Film speed Focal length hyperfocal distance measurement mode Perspective distortion Photo photo photo printing processes Reciprocity red eye effect Science of photography Shutter speed Zone system
Genres
Commercial air Cloudscape Black and White Documentary Erotic Fashion Fine Arts High Speed Forensic Glamour Nature Nude Photojournalism Landscape Pornography Superior post-mortem Portrait Sports Still life picture social documentary Street Vernacular Underwater Wedding Wildlife
Techniques
Blueprint afocal photography bokeh Contre-jour Cross processing Flash Film developing Fireworks Harris Shutter filling Kite aerial Macro Night Panoramic Panning Multiple Exposure Frame (Kirlian) Print toning Sabatier Effect Stereoscopy Implementation Rephotography Stop Down print Sun Infrared Ultraviolet Time-lapse Tilt travel
Composition
Geometry and symmetry Framing Lead room height Rule of thirds Simplicity
Team
The camera (SLR rangefinder But TLR Pinhole View Toy) Darkroom (Security Light Enlarger) Film (Base Format shareholder) Filter Flash Manufacturers Movie projector Photographic lens Projector Slide Tripod Zone plate
History
Autochrome Lumire Calotype Dufaycolor Blueprint Daguerreotype Timeline of photographic technology
Photography digital
Digital camera (D-SLR Digital again) to share digital photos and movies compared CMOS image sensor (APS CCD three-CCD Foveon X3) Pixel Scanner movies
Photochromy
Color Management Color (RGB color space of CMYK primary colors) Color film (printing of slides)
photographic processing
C-41 process developers Cross dye coupler processing E-6 process Fixer Push processing bath to stop the process of K-14
Other topics
Analog Photography Digiscoping Camera obscura Gelatin silver process Gum printing Holography Lomography Photography and the Law Photography museums and galleries (category) Print permanence Vignetting Visual arts
List of photographers List of photographs Portal WikiProject most expensive
EV
Display Technology
Video
the current generation
Electroluminescent display (ELD) vacuum fluorescent display (VFD) Light Emitting Diode (LED) display cathode ray tube (CRT) Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) (TFT LED backlight) of the plasma display panel (PDP) 3LCD digital light processing (DLP), liquid crystal on silicon (LCOS)
Next generation
Organic light emitting diode (OLED) (roll-up display, active matrix phosphorus) surface-conduction electron emitter display (SED) Field emission display (FED) Laser TV LCD screen Ferro (FLD) interferometric modulator display (IMOD) thick film dielectric electroluminescent (TDel) Nanocrystal quantum dot display screen (QDLED) Time multiplexed optical shutter (TMOS) telescopic pixel (TPD) liquid crystal lasers (LCL) Laser phosphor screen (LPD)
Non-video
Electromechanical (Flip-dot Split-flap Vane) Electronic paper Eggcrate roll Nixie tube
3D visualization
Stereoscopic computer-generated holography autostereoscopic volumetric laser
Static media
Hologram Movie projector Neon sign Slide projector transparencies Rollsign
Related Articles
Display examples of free exhibition space Large-screen HDTV viewing distance optimal technology of high dynamic range images (HDRI)
Technology Comparison Screen
Categories: HDR file formats | Computer Graphics | Photographic techniques | 3D computer graphicsHidden categories: All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements in November 2009 About the Author

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