Trigger Shifters
Noise reduction in a power system
Noise Reduction electrlcal system.
RVK Charan Department Physics, Gaya College, Gaya
Summary: - "spontaneous fluctuation or noise is omnipresent in the output signal of an electrical system. There are several methods suggested here to reduce noise fluctuations and to extract the original signal as far as possible. "
1. Introduction: Spontaneous fluctuations are generated in a power system with the original signal can be termed as the noise in the signal. The noise a system affects the sensitivity. These fluctuations or noise are very natural and ubiquitous in the system. You can never think of a noise-free signal. Therefore can not be totally eliminated. The origin of this type of noise can be traced back, according to the corpuscular theory of matter (Wolf 1, 1978). These sounds may, however, be used as a measurement tool to determine the response of a system excited by noise (Beripohl 2, 1970).
This study develops some important methods for the use of filters, averagers, discriminating, etc. to minimize such fluctuations or noise to obtain the original signal as far as possible.
2. Theoretical concept: The quality of a signal can be expressed as the ratio of signal to noise, such as:
S / N = .............................................( 1)
To minimize the noise that is necessary to improve this relationship but if weak signal, as in NMR-driven, the decline of fluorescence, so the relationship becomes too poor to be measured. Unless there is any prior information on the signal or noise, you can not distinguish between them. Hence the technique to improve the S / N depends entirely on the nature of the information. Improving of the S / N may be clearer in terms of the signal - to-noise - ie the ratio improves
Snir = ............................ (2)
But if the signal is little known outside its bandwidth, then it is advisable to use filters to reduce the noise.
In the case of "noise beat" Snir of the common path interferometer based optical coherence tomotography (OCT) was found experimentally (Li Xiaolu et al 3, 2008) up to twice as large as the excess noise term. The result also showed that the power source and reference reflectively can be easily controlled to optimize the Snir.
3. The use of filters: if the noise has a power spectrum N (w), Snir obtained after using a filter in a system can be given as,
Snir = ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. (3)
where w s, w, and F are cutting frequencies and filter system, respectively.
In the presence of white noise that is, N (w) = constant,.
Snir = (sw / wf) O.5 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ....
From Eq. (3) above, it is clear that to reduce the minimum noise will be kept Snir maximum wf which is minimal. A favorable filter can be designed to reduce w f reducing the filter bandwidth smaller and smaller. But the bandwidth can not be reduced beyond a limit, when the output signal that carries the signal information are destroyed as a result of increased output noise. Therefore, the design of one of those better and more favorable filter requires much more than just the bandwidth of the signal (Blichikoff 3, 1976). The output of this optimal filter designed for any loss of wave energy and without addition of noise can be expressed as.
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .... (4)
where hn is the noise white and 't' is the change in time to ensure the physical realisibility. But this kind of filters designed optimally improves the Snir for only 1-2 dB over to non-optimal filters. This is because almost all information of the signal is buried or consumed in the output noise.
- 4. Average Signal: - an average of the signals is a very powerful method for the extraction of the buried or consumed signal and information to follow improving the Snir (Heiftje 4, 1972 and Anon May, 19 761). In it, the signal is repetitive and a trigger reference is necessary to highlight the presence signal available. Its basis lies in the assumption that the noise that is correlated with the signal should be averaged out in a manner inconsistent while the signal building must be consistent after averaging over several repetitions. These conditions are satisfied in several experiments, as in pulsed NMR, ultrasound, detection flow, etc.
4a. Box-averaging Car - an average of the signals can be done well through a car averaging. In it the noise signal is amplified and fed to an analog gate is performed to open during a time determined by a gate pulse derived by delaying the trigger for a specified time. 'T'. The analog gate output is fed a simple RC integrator and the integrated value of the sample signal then forms the output signal. It can be shown after calculating the voltage output signal after "sample n can be expressed as (Neelkantan 6, 1978)
... .. (5)
where = 1/RC
From eq. (5) above it is evident that the samples are weighted exponentially which is also known as "Experimental averaging. "It is very cheap. The Snir, here, is proportional to the square root of 'n' (ie, no. average sample) The main drawback, here is that the value of Snir is still limited to only 40-50dB (Anon 5, 1976 1)
4b. Averaging through lock-in-Amplifier: The value of Snir be improved through the use of a lock-in amplifier system. It requires a periodic signal waveform known together with a reference (Anon 7, 1962 2). As the frequency of the signal waveform is known it is easy to reduce pass band filter passband and hence the noise bandwidth. This was unknown is the box-car-averaging, so the pass band could not be close. It can be termed as a special case of the box-car-averaging. The signal passes through the pass band narrowband filter is amplified and multiplied to a signal reference phase shifter. The signal is processed and formed through a low pass filter to obtain the original signal. The method provides a means of reducing the time measurement as well as some improvements inherent in the value of Snir but the value can be improved only up to 60db.
5. Reduction spurious pulses: If the signal is not a waveform, but rather in the form of pulses, spurious pulses below. ie, noise or unwanted signals may be minimized by improving the S / N through an amplitude discriminator. This method does not reduce the frequency of the pulse, but simply removes the false pulse to obtain the original shape of the pulse. Also called a single-channel analyzer. It is used to detect - the output pulse radiation that are naturally combined with pulses of neutrons emerging from a neutron detector in a nuclear power reactor. In spectroscopy, where the pulse shapes are, in terms of growth and decline, a "pulse as a discriminator "is used instead of said amplitude discriminator to minimize spurious pulses. The pulse shape discriminator consists of a differentiator RC followed by a zero crossing comparator, where the pulses are accepted only if the time difference (ie, t2-t1) is within those limits. (8 Bormann, 1972)
6. Conclusion: - The unwanted signals or spontaneous flow of unwanted impulses ie, noise in a physical system can be minimized to a large extent by the above methods. These methods are very useful for extracting the original desired signal / Pulse output signal / pulse of an instrument in a physical system. But noise is not always a nuisance or a disturbance in one system, but also a tool of the system parameters to determine the system response and efficiency, as measured by a noise thermometer (Crovini 9, 1975)
Acknowledgments: The author expresses his sincere thanks to the libraries of BHU Varanasi, Magadh University, Bodh Gaya Gaya College, Gaya. His gratitude extends further inspire his wife all the time and for saving internal problems to facilitate the study.
Reference
1. Wolf, (ed) Noise in the physical system, Springer - Verlag, Berlin, 1978.
2. Breiphol, AM, Probalistic Systems Analysis, Wiley, New York, 1978.
3. Xiaolu Li et al. signal to noise analysis of all common fiber path consistency optial tomotography Appl. Opt. 47, 4833-4840,,
(2008), U.S. Opital Society.
4. Blnchikoff, HJ and Zverev, AI, filtered in time and frequency domains, Wiley, New York, 1976.
5. Heirtje, GM, Anal, Chem, 1972, 44, 81.
6. Anon, Averagers signal, Princeton Applied Research Corporation. 1976 1.
7. Phys. NeelKantan, K. and Dattagupta, S., Pramana (J..) 1978, 11, 295.
8. Anon, Lock-In amplifiers, Princeton Applied Research Corporation, 1976 2.
9. Scobel Bormann, M., Schroder, V., W, and Wide., L, Nucl, Instum, methods, 1972, 98, 613.
10. Crovini, L. and Actis, A., Temp, measurement, (eds) BF Billing and TJ Quinn, Institute of Physics, London, 1975.
About the Author
Equations are blurred in the manuscript due to your technical fault,so please allow to do the same and oblige.
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